Of Towers and Castels.
THe Citie of London
(saith Fitzstephens)
hath in the East a very great & a most strong
Palatine Tower,The Tower oThis text has been supplied. Reason: The facsimile photograph does not include the whole surface. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)f
London. whose turrets and walles
do rise from a deep foundation, the mor
ter thereof being tempered with the blood
of beastes. In the west parte are two most
Tower of London, situate in the East, neere vnto the Riuer of
Thames, it hath béene the common opinion: and some haThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ue
written (but of none assured ground) that Iulius Cesar, the first
Conqueror of the Britaines, was the originall Author, and foun
der aswell thereof, as also of many other Towers, castles, and
great buildings within this Realme: but (as I haue alreadie be
fore noted) Cesar remayned not here so long, nor had hee in his
head any such matter,
barous countrey, and to procéede to greater matters. Neyther do
the Romaine writers make mention of any such buildings erected
by him here. And therefore leauing this, and procéeding to more
grounded authoritie, I find in a fayre register booke, of the actes
of the Bishops of Rochester, set downe by Edmond of Haden
ham, that William the first (surnamed Conquerour) builded the
Tower of London, to wit, the great white and square Tower,
there, about the yeare of Christ 1078. appointing Gundulph,
then Bishop of Rochester, to be principall surueyer and ouersée
er1 of that worke, who was for that time lodged in the house of
Edmere a Burgesse of London, the very wordes of which mine
Author are these. Gundulphus Episcopus mandato Willielmi
Regis magni præfuit operi magnæ Turris London. quo tem
pore hospitatus est apud quendā Edmerum Burgensem Lon
don. qui dedit vnum were Ecclesiæ Rofen. This was the great
square Tower, which was then builded, and hath béene since, at
diuers times inlarged with other buildings adioyning, as shall be
shewed hereafter. This Tower was by tempest of wind sore sha
ken in the yeare 1090. the fourth of William Rufus, and was a
gaine by the said Rufus and Henry the first repayred. They also
caused a castle to be builded vnder the said Tower, to wéete, on the
South side towardes the Thames.
hath in the East a very great & a most strong
Palatine Tower,The Tower oThis text has been supplied. Reason: The facsimile photograph does not include the whole surface. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)f
London. whose turrets and walles
do rise from a deep foundation, the mor
ter thereof being tempered with the blood
of beastes. In the west parte are two most
D3
strong
38
Towers and Castels.
strong Castels &c. To beginne therefore
with the most famousTower of London, situate in the East, neere vnto the Riuer of
Thames, it hath béene the common opinion: and some haThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ue
written (but of none assured ground) that Iulius Cesar, the first
Conqueror of the Britaines, was the originall Author, and foun
der aswell thereof, as also of many other Towers, castles, and
great buildings within this Realme: but (as I haue alreadie be
fore noted) Cesar remayned not here so long, nor had hee in his
head any such matter,
In
my Annals.
but onely to dispatch a conquest of this barbarous countrey, and to procéede to greater matters. Neyther do
the Romaine writers make mention of any such buildings erected
by him here. And therefore leauing this, and procéeding to more
grounded authoritie, I find in a fayre register booke, of the actes
of the Bishops of Rochester, set downe by Edmond of Haden
ham, that William the first (surnamed Conquerour) builded the
Tower of London, to wit, the great white and square Tower,
there, about the yeare of Christ 1078. appointing Gundulph,
then Bishop of Rochester, to be principall surueyer and ouersée
er1 of that worke, who was for that time lodged in the house of
Edmere a Burgesse of London, the very wordes of which mine
Author are these. Gundulphus Episcopus mandato Willielmi
Regis magni præfuit operi magnæ Turris London. quo tem
pore hospitatus est apud quendā Edmerum Burgensem Lon
don. qui dedit vnum were Ecclesiæ Rofen. This was the great
square Tower, which was then builded, and hath béene since, at
diuers times inlarged with other buildings adioyning, as shall be
shewed hereafter. This Tower was by tempest of wind sore sha
ken in the yeare 1090. the fourth of William Rufus, and was a
gaine by the said Rufus and Henry the first repayred. They also
caused a castle to be builded vnder the said Tower, to wéete, on the
South side towardes the Thames.
Othowerus, Acolinillus, Otto, and
Geffrey Earle of
Essex
were foure of the first Constables of this Tower of London, by
succession: all which held by force a portion of lande (that pertay
ned to the Priorie of the holie Trinitie within Aldgate) that is to
say, East Smithfield,
of a Uyneyarde, and woulde not depart from it, till the seconde
to the said Church.
Essex, Constable of the Tower, Sheriffe of London,
Essex, and Hertford shires, as appeareth by a Charter of Maud
the Empresse, dated 1141. He also fortified the Tower of Lon
don against King Stephen, but the King tooke him in his court
at S. Albons, and would not deliuer him till hee had rendred the
Tower of London, with the Castels of Walden, and Pleshey in
Essex. About the yeare 1190. the second of Richard the first,
William Longshampe Bishop of Elie, Chauncellor of England,
for cause of dissention betwixt him and Earle Iohn the Kings bro
ther, that was rebell, inclosed the Tower,
with an outward wall of stone imbattailed, and also caused a déepe
ditch to be cast about the same, thinking (as I haue said before) to
haue enuironed it with the Riuer of Thames. By the making of
this ditch3 in Eastsmithfield, the Church of the holy Trinitie in
London lost halfe a marke rent by the yeare, & the Mill was re
moued that belonged to the poore brethren of the Hospitall of S.
Katherine, and to the Church of the Trinitie aforesaid, which
was no small losse and discommoditie to eyther part, and the gar
den which the King had hyred of the brethren for sixe markes the
yeare, for the most part was wasted and marred by the ditch. Re
compence was often promised, but neuer performed, vntill King
Edward comming after, gaue to the brethren fiue markes and a
half for that part which the ditch had deuoured: and the other part
thereof without, he yeelded to them againe, which they hold: and
of the said rent of fiue markes and a halfe they haue a déed, by ver
tue whereof, they are well paid vntill this day.
were foure of the first Constables of this Tower of London, by
succession: all which held by force a portion of lande (that pertay
ned to the Priorie of the holie Trinitie within Aldgate) that is to
say, East Smithfield,
Eastsmithfield
a Vineyarde.
néere vnto the Tower, making
therea Vineyarde.
of a Uyneyarde, and woulde not depart from it, till the seconde
yeare
Towers and Castels.
39
yeare
of King Stephen
, when the same was adiudged and restoredto the said Church.
Ex. ChartThis text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered
by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on an external
source. (SM)a.
This Geffrey Magnauille was Earle ofEssex, Constable of the Tower, Sheriffe of London,
Geffrey Mag
na Ville, EarlThis text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (CH)e
of Essex, Con
stable of the
Tower and
Sheriffe of
London.
Middlesexna Ville, EarlThis text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (CH)e
of Essex, Con
stable of the
Tower and
Sheriffe of
London.
Essex, and Hertford shires, as appeareth by a Charter of Maud
the Empresse, dated 1141. He also fortified the Tower of Lon
don against King Stephen, but the King tooke him in his court
at S. Albons, and would not deliuer him till hee had rendred the
Tower of London, with the Castels of Walden, and Pleshey in
Essex. About the yeare 1190. the second of Richard the first,
William Longshampe Bishop of Elie, Chauncellor of England,
for cause of dissention betwixt him and Earle Iohn the Kings bro
ther, that was rebell, inclosed the Tower,
The Tower This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with
the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal
to this text (context, etc.). (CH)of
London com
passed about
with a wall &
a ditch.2
and castle of London,London com
passed about
with a wall &
a ditch.2
with an outward wall of stone imbattailed, and also caused a déepe
ditch to be cast about the same, thinking (as I haue said before) to
haue enuironed it with the Riuer of Thames. By the making of
this ditch3 in Eastsmithfield, the Church of the holy Trinitie in
London lost halfe a marke rent by the yeare, & the Mill was re
moued that belonged to the poore brethren of the Hospitall of S.
Katherine, and to the Church of the Trinitie aforesaid, which
was no small losse and discommoditie to eyther part, and the gar
den which the King had hyred of the brethren for sixe markes the
yeare, for the most part was wasted and marred by the ditch. Re
compence was often promised, but neuer performed, vntill King
Edward comming after, gaue to the brethren fiue markes and a
half for that part which the ditch had deuoured: and the other part
thereof without, he yeelded to them againe, which they hold: and
of the said rent of fiue markes and a halfe they haue a déed, by ver
tue whereof, they are well paid vntill this day.
About the yeare 1239. King Henry the
third caused the To
wer of London to be fortified with bulwarkes, which after they
were builded fell downe, and therefore he caused it to be reedified
more strongly, to his cost of more then twelue thousand markes.
wer of London to be fortified with bulwarkes, which after they
were builded fell downe, and therefore he caused it to be reedified
more strongly, to his cost of more then twelue thousand markes.
In the yeare 1274. King Edward the
first commaunded the
Treasurer and Chamberlaine of his Exchequer, to deliuer out of
his Treasorie, vnto Giles of Andwarp 200. markes, of the fines,
taken of diuers Marchants, or vsurers of London, towardes the
worke of the ditch about the Tower of London.
Treasurer and Chamberlaine of his Exchequer, to deliuer out of
his Treasorie, vnto Giles of Andwarp 200. markes, of the fines,
taken of diuers Marchants, or vsurers of London, towardes the
worke of the ditch about the Tower of London.
And in the yeare 1532. King Henry the
eight repayred the
whyte Tower.
crease and maintenance of this Tower. Now somewhat of acci
dents in the same.
whyte Tower.
Tower repay
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()red by Henry
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the eight,
Thus much for the
foundation and building, inThis text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()red by Henry
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the eight,
crease and maintenance of this Tower. Now somewhat of acci
dents in the same.
In the year 1196.
seditiously mouing the common people to séeke libertie, and not to
be subiect to the rich,
brought before the Archbishoppe of Canterburie in the Tower,
where he was by the iudges condemned, had iudgement, and was
by the héeles drawne thence to the Ealmes in Smithfield, and
there hanged.
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with
the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal
to this text (context, etc.). ()Actions of the
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()Tower.
William Fitzosbart, a
cittizen of LondonThis text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()Tower.
seditiously mouing the common people to séeke libertie, and not to
be subiect to the rich,
Iustices sate in
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the Tower of
London.
and more mighty, at length was taken and
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the Tower of
London.
brought before the Archbishoppe of Canterburie in the Tower,
where he was by the iudges condemned, had iudgement, and was
by the héeles drawne thence to the Ealmes in Smithfield, and
there hanged.
In the yeare 1220. all the Plées
belonging to the crowne,
were holden in the Tower: and likewise in the yeare 1224. &c.
were holden in the Tower: and likewise in the yeare 1224. &c.
In the yeare 1222. the cittizens
of London hauing made
a
tumult against the Abbot of Westminster, Hubert of Burgh,
chiefe Iustice of England, came to the Tower of London, called
before him the Mayor and Aldermen, of whom he enquired for the
principall authors of that sedition: amongst whome one named
Constantine Fitz Aelulfe
had done much lesse then he ought to haue done: Wherevpon the
Iustice sent him with two other to Falks de Brent, who with ar
med men, brought him to the gallowes, and there hanged him &
other twaine.
tumult against the Abbot of Westminster, Hubert of Burgh,
chiefe Iustice of England, came to the Tower of London, called
before him the Mayor and Aldermen, of whom he enquired for the
principall authors of that sedition: amongst whome one named
Constantine Fitz Aelulfe
Constantine
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()Fitz Aelufe
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()hanged
auowed, that hee was the man, andThis text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()Fitz Aelufe
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()hanged
had done much lesse then he ought to haue done: Wherevpon the
Iustice sent him with two other to Falks de Brent, who with ar
med men, brought him to the gallowes, and there hanged him &
other twaine.
In the yeare 1244. Griffith
of Wales, being kept prisoner in the Tower, deuised meanes of es
cape, and hauing in the night made of the hangings, shéetes, &c.
a long line, he put himselfe downe from the toppe of the Tower,
but in the slyding, the weight of his body, (being a very bigge and
a fatte man) brake the rope, and he fell and brake his necke with
all.
Griffith of
Wales fel from
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the Tower.
the eldest sonne of
Leoline, princeWales fel from
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()the Tower.
of Wales, being kept prisoner in the Tower, deuised meanes of es
cape, and hauing in the night made of the hangings, shéetes, &c.
a long line, he put himselfe downe from the toppe of the Tower,
but in the slyding, the weight of his body, (being a very bigge and
a fatte man) brake the rope, and he fell and brake his necke with
all.
Sheriffes of
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()London priso
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()ners in the
Tower.
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()London priso
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()ners in the
Tower.
In the yeare 1253. King Henry the
thirde, imprisoned the
Sheriffes of London in the Tower, more then a moneth, for the
escape
Sheriffes of London in the Tower, more then a moneth, for the
escape
K. Henry land
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()ed in the To
wer, and held
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()his Parliament
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()there.
of a prisoner out
of Newgate. This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()ed in the To
wer, and held
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()his Parliament
This text has been supplied. Reason: The original page has been cut or cropped with the loss of some text. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()there.
In the yeare 1260. King Henry with his Quéene (for seare
of the Barons) were lodged in this Tower. The next yeare hee
sent for his Lords, and held his parliament there.
of the Barons) were lodged in this Tower. The next yeare hee
sent for his Lords, and held his parliament there.
In
Towers and Castels.
41
In the yeare 1263. when the Quéene would haue remoued
from the Tower by water, towards VVindsore, sundry Londo
ners got them together to the bridge, vnder the which she was to
passe, and not onely cryed out vpon her with reprochfull wordes,
but also threw myre & stones at her, by which she was constrained
to returne for the time, but in The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye year 1265. the said Citizens were
faine to submit themselues to the king for it, and the Mayor, Alder
men, & Sheriffes were sent to diuers prisons, & a Custos also was
set ouer the Citie, to wit, Othon Constable of the Tower, &c.
from the Tower by water, towards VVindsore, sundry Londo
ners got them together to the bridge, vnder the which she was to
passe, and not onely cryed out vpon her with reprochfull wordes,
but also threw myre & stones at her, by which she was constrained
to returne for the time, but in The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye year 1265. the said Citizens were
faine to submit themselues to the king for it, and the Mayor, Alder
men, & Sheriffes were sent to diuers prisons, & a Custos also was
set ouer the Citie, to wit, Othon Constable of the Tower, &c.
In the yeare 1282. Leoline Prince of VVales
being taken
at Blewth Castle, Roger Lestrange cut off his head, which Sir
Roger Mortimer caused to be crowned with Iuie, and set it vp
on the Tower.
at Blewth Castle, Roger Lestrange cut off his head, which Sir
Roger Mortimer caused to be crowned with Iuie, and set it vp
on the Tower.
In the yeare 1290. diuers Iustices
aswell of the Bench,
as
of the assyses, were sent prisoners to the Tower, which with
great sommes of money redéemed their libertie.
of the assyses, were sent prisoners to the Tower, which with
great sommes of money redéemed their libertie.
In the yeare 1320.
the Kinges Iustices sate in the To
wer, for tryall of matters, wherevpon Iohn Gifors late Mayor
of London, and many other fled the Citie for feare of things they
had presumptuously done.
wer, for tryall of matters, wherevpon Iohn Gifors late Mayor
of London, and many other fled the Citie for feare of things they
had presumptuously done.
In the yeare 1321. the Mortimers yéelding themselues to the
King, he sent them prisoners to the Tower, where they remayned
long, and were adiudged to be drawne and hanged. But at length
Roger Mortimer
drinke, escaped out of the Tower, and his vncle Roger being still
kept there died about fiue yeares after.
King, he sent them prisoners to the Tower, where they remayned
long, and were adiudged to be drawne and hanged. But at length
Roger Mortimer
Mortimer
made an e
scape out of
the Tower.
Citizēs of Lō
don wrested The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye
keyes of the
Tower from
the Constable.
Mortimer
drawne from
the Tower to
the Elmes, &
hanged
of Wigmore by
giuing to his kéepers a sléepiemade an e
scape out of
the Tower.
Citizēs of Lō
don wrested The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye
keyes of the
Tower from
the Constable.
Mortimer
drawne from
the Tower to
the Elmes, &
hanged
drinke, escaped out of the Tower, and his vncle Roger being still
kept there died about fiue yeares after.
In the year 1326. the Citizens of
London wrested The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does
not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye keyes of The special character yͤ (LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH LATIN SMALL LETTER E ABOVE) does
not display on all browsers and has been replaced by its simplified form.ye
Tower out of the Constables hands, & deliuered all the prisoners.
Tower out of the Constables hands, & deliuered all the prisoners.
In the yeare 1330. Roger Mortimer Earle of March was
taken and broThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ught to the Tower, from whence hee was drawne
to the Elmes and there hanged.
taken and broThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ught to the Tower, from whence hee was drawne
to the Elmes and there hanged.
In the yeare 1344. King Edward the
third commaunded Flo
rences of gold to be made and coyned in the Tower, that is to say,
a penie péece of the value of sixe shillinges and eyght pence, the half
penie piece, of the value of iij.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. and iiij. ď. and a farthing péece
worth 20. pence, Perciuall de Porte of Luke being then Maister
of the coyne. And this is the first coyning of Gold in the Tower,
for (that I may a little digresse by occasion hereof) I find that in
times before passed,
or siluer, as so many pounds or marks of siluer, or so many pounds
or markes of Gold, as I could proue by many good authorities,
which I ouerpasse. The smaller sommes also were paide in star
lings, which were pence, so called, for other coynes they had none.
The antiquitie of this starling penie vsuall in this Realme, is from
the raign of Henry the second: notwithstanding, the Saxon coines
before the conquest were pence of fine siluer full the weight, and
somewhat better then the latter starlings, as I haue tryed by con
ference of the pence of Burghrede king of Mercia, Aelfred, Ed
ward, and Edelrod, kings of the West Saxons, Plegmond Arch
bishop of Canterburie, and others. William the Conquerours
penie also was fine siluer of the weight of the Easterling, and had
on the one side stamped an armed heade, with a beardles face,
(for the Normans did weare no beardes) with a scepter in his
hand: the inscription in the circumference was this, Le Rei Wilā
on the other side a Crosse double to the ring, betwéene foure row
als of sixe pointes.
rences of gold to be made and coyned in the Tower, that is to say,
a penie péece of the value of sixe shillinges and eyght pence, the half
penie piece, of the value of iij.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. and iiij. ď. and a farthing péece
worth 20. pence, Perciuall de Porte of Luke being then Maister
of the coyne. And this is the first coyning of Gold in the Tower,
whereof
42
Towers and Castels.
whereof I haue
read, & also the first coyning of Gold in England:for (that I may a little digresse by occasion hereof) I find that in
times before passed,
Argent, and
Pecunia after
called Estar
ling.
all great sommes were paid by wayght of goldPecunia after
called Estar
ling.
or siluer, as so many pounds or marks of siluer, or so many pounds
or markes of Gold, as I could proue by many good authorities,
which I ouerpasse. The smaller sommes also were paide in star
lings, which were pence, so called, for other coynes they had none.
The antiquitie of this starling penie vsuall in this Realme, is from
the raign of Henry the second: notwithstanding, the Saxon coines
before the conquest were pence of fine siluer full the weight, and
somewhat better then the latter starlings, as I haue tryed by con
ference of the pence of Burghrede king of Mercia, Aelfred, Ed
ward, and Edelrod, kings of the West Saxons, Plegmond Arch
bishop of Canterburie, and others. William the Conquerours
penie also was fine siluer of the weight of the Easterling, and had
on the one side stamped an armed heade, with a beardles face,
(for the Normans did weare no beardes) with a scepter in his
hand: the inscription in the circumference was this, Le Rei Wilā
on the other side a Crosse double to the ring, betwéene foure row
als of sixe pointes.
This Henrie in the
eight year
of his raigne, ordayned the peny
which was round, so to bee quartered, by the crosse, that they
might easily bee broken, into halfe pence and farthinges. In the
first, second, thirde, fourth, and fift of king Richard the first his
raigne, and afterwardes I find commonly Esterling mony menti
oned, and yet oft times the same is called argent as afore, and not
otherwise.
which was round, so to bee quartered, by the crosse, that they
might easily bee broken, into halfe pence and farthinges. In the
first, second, thirde, fourth, and fift of king Richard the first his
raigne, and afterwardes I find commonly Esterling mony menti
oned, and yet oft times the same is called argent as afore, and not
otherwise.
The first great summe that I read of to be paid in Esterlinges,
was in the fift of Richard the first, when Robert Earle of Ley
cester being prisoner in France, proffered for his ransome a thou
sand markes Esterlinges, notwithstanding the Esterling pence
were long before. The weight of the Esterling pennie
peare by diuers statutes, namely of weights and measures, made
in the 51. of Henry the third in these words. Thirtie two graines
of Wheat, drie and round, taken in the midst of the eare, should
one ounce, 12. ownces a pound Troy. It followeth in the statute
eight pound to make a gallon of Wine, and eight gallons a bushell
of London measure; &c. Notwithstanding which Statute, I
find in the eight of Edward the first, Gregorie Rokefley Mayor
of London, being chiefe Maister or minister of the kinges Ex
chaunge, or mintes, a new coyne being then appointed, the pound
of Esterling money should contayne as afore 12. ownces, to wit,
fine siluer, such as was then made into foyle, and was commonly
called siluer of Guthurons lane, 11. ounces, two Estarlings, and
one ferling or farthing, and the other 17. pence ob. q. to bee lay.
Also the pound of money ought to weygh xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.iij.ď. by accompt,
so that no pound ought to be ouer xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.iiij.ď.nor lesse thē xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.ij. ď.
by accompt, the ounce to weigh twenty pence, the penny weyght,
24. graynes (which 24. by weight then appointed, were as
much as the former 32. graynes of weight) a pennie force, 25.
graynes and a halfe, the pennie deble, or féeble 22. graines and a
halfe &c.
was in the fift of Richard the first, when Robert Earle of Ley
cester being prisoner in France, proffered for his ransome a thou
sand markes Esterlinges, notwithstanding the Esterling pence
were long before. The weight of the Esterling pennie
VVeight of
starling penie
32. graines of
Wheate.
may apstarling penie
32. graines of
Wheate.
peare by diuers statutes, namely of weights and measures, made
in the 51. of Henry the third in these words. Thirtie two graines
of Wheat, drie and round, taken in the midst of the eare, should
bee
Towers and Castels.
43
be the weight of a starling penie, 20. of those pence shoulde wayeone ounce, 12. ownces a pound Troy. It followeth in the statute
eight pound to make a gallon of Wine, and eight gallons a bushell
of London measure; &c. Notwithstanding which Statute, I
find in the eight of Edward the first, Gregorie Rokefley Mayor
of London, being chiefe Maister or minister of the kinges Ex
chaunge, or mintes, a new coyne being then appointed, the pound
of Esterling money should contayne as afore 12. ownces, to wit,
fine siluer, such as was then made into foyle, and was commonly
called siluer of Guthurons lane, 11. ounces, two Estarlings, and
one ferling or farthing, and the other 17. pence ob. q. to bee lay.
Also the pound of money ought to weygh xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.iij.ď. by accompt,
so that no pound ought to be ouer xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.iiij.ď.nor lesse thē xx.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃.ij. ď.
by accompt, the ounce to weigh twenty pence, the penny weyght,
24. graynes (which 24. by weight then appointed, were as
much as the former 32. graynes of weight) a pennie force, 25.
graynes and a halfe, the pennie deble, or féeble 22. graines and a
halfe &c.
Now for the pennie Esterling how it tooke that name, I think
good briefly to touch.
the second King of the Romaines commanded money first to bee
made, of whose name they were called Numi, and when Copper
pence, siluer pence, and gold pence were made, because euery sil
uer pennie was worth ten Copper pence, and euery Gold pennie
worth ten siluer pence, the pence therefore were called in Latine
Denarij, and oftentimes the pence are named of the matter and
stuffe of Gold or siluer. But the money of England was called of
the workers and makers thereof: as the Floren of gold is called
of the Florentines, that were the workers thereof: and so the
Esterling pence tooke their name of the Esterlinges, which did
first make this mony in England in the raign of Henry the second.
good briefly to touch.
The penie E
sterling how This text has been supplied. Reason: Smudging dating from the original print process. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()it
tooke the
name.
It hath béene said that Numa Pompiliussterling how This text has been supplied. Reason: Smudging dating from the original print process. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). ()it
tooke the
name.
the second King of the Romaines commanded money first to bee
made, of whose name they were called Numi, and when Copper
pence, siluer pence, and gold pence were made, because euery sil
uer pennie was worth ten Copper pence, and euery Gold pennie
worth ten siluer pence, the pence therefore were called in Latine
Denarij, and oftentimes the pence are named of the matter and
stuffe of Gold or siluer. But the money of England was called of
the workers and makers thereof: as the Floren of gold is called
of the Florentines, that were the workers thereof: and so the
Esterling pence tooke their name of the Esterlinges, which did
first make this mony in England in the raign of Henry the second.
Thus haue I set downe according to my small reading in anti
quitie: these money matters, omitting the imaginations
writers, of whom some haue saide Esterling money to take that
name of a starre, stamped in the border, or ring of the pennie: o
ther some of a birde called a Stare or starling stamped in the cir
cumference: and other (more vnlikely) of being coyned at Siri
quitie: these money matters, omitting the imaginations
Starling mo
ney when it
tooke begin
ning in this
land,
of lateney when it
tooke begin
ning in this
land,
writers, of whom some haue saide Esterling money to take that
name of a starre, stamped in the border, or ring of the pennie: o
ther some of a birde called a Stare or starling stamped in the cir
cumference: and other (more vnlikely) of being coyned at Siri
uelin.
44
Towers and Castles.
uelin or Starling, a towne in Scotland. &c.Now concerning halfe pence, and Farthinges,
which is more subtiller then the pence, I neede not speake of them
more, then that they were onely made in the Exchange at Lon
don, and no where else. The kinges Exchaunge at London,
was neare vnto the Cathedrall Church of S. Paule, and is to this
day commonly called the old Chaunge, but in Euidences the old
Exchange.
Of
halfepence
ond farthings.
the account ofond farthings.
which is more subtiller then the pence, I neede not speake of them
more, then that they were onely made in the Exchange at Lon
don, and no where else. The kinges Exchaunge at London,
was neare vnto the Cathedrall Church of S. Paule, and is to this
day commonly called the old Chaunge, but in Euidences the old
Exchange.
The kings Exchaunger, in this place, was to deliuer out
to e
uery other Exchaunger, throughout England, or other the kinges
Dominions, their Coyning irons, that is to say, one Standerde,
or Staple, and two Trussels, or Punchons: and when the same
were spent and woorne, to receiue them with an accounte, what
summe had
to deliuer other Irons new grauen, &c. I finde that in the 9. of
king Iohn,
at Winchester, Excester, Chicester, Canterbury, Rochester,
Ipswitch, Norwitch, Lenn, Lincolne, Yorke, Carlell, North
hampton, Oxforde, S. Edmondsbury, and Durham. The Ex
changer, Examiner, and Tryer, buyeth the siluer, for Coynage:
aunswering for euery 100.£. of siluer, bought in Bolion, or
otherwise, 98. l. 15. SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. for he taketh 25.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. for coynage.
uery other Exchaunger, throughout England, or other the kinges
Dominions, their Coyning irons, that is to say, one Standerde,
or Staple, and two Trussels, or Punchons: and when the same
were spent and woorne, to receiue them with an accounte, what
summe had
Mints
in Eng
land.
beene coyned, and also their Pix, or
Boxe of assay andland.
to deliuer other Irons new grauen, &c. I finde that in the 9. of
king Iohn,
patent 9. Iohn
there was besides the Mint at London, other Mints,at Winchester, Excester, Chicester, Canterbury, Rochester,
Ipswitch, Norwitch, Lenn, Lincolne, Yorke, Carlell, North
hampton, Oxforde, S. Edmondsbury, and Durham. The Ex
changer, Examiner, and Tryer, buyeth the siluer, for Coynage:
aunswering for euery 100.£. of siluer, bought in Bolion, or
otherwise, 98. l. 15. SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. for he taketh 25.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. for coynage.
Deminishing.
of Coine.
of Coine.
In the yeare 1351. William Edington Bishop of
Winche
ster, and Treasurer of Englande, a wise man, but louing the
kinges commodity, more then the wealth of the whole Realme,
& common people, (saith mine Author) caused a new coine, called a
groate, and a halfe groate, to be coyned and stamped, the groate
to be taken for iiij.ď. and the halfe groate for ij.ď. not conteyning
in weight according to the pence called Easterlinges, but much
lesse, to wit by v.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. in the pounde: by reason whereof, victuailes,
and marchandizes became the dearer, through the whole Realme.
Aboute the same time also, the olde coine of golde, was changed in
to a new, but the old noble (then so called) was worth much aboue
the taxed rate of the new, and therefore
vp the olde, and conueyed them out of the Realme to the greate
losse of the kingdome. Wherefore a remedy was prouided by
chaunging of the stampe.
ster, and Treasurer of Englande, a wise man, but louing the
kinges commodity, more then the wealth of the whole Realme,
& common people, (saith mine Author) caused a new coine, called a
groate, and a halfe groate, to be coyned and stamped, the groate
to be taken for iiij.ď. and the halfe groate for ij.ď. not conteyning
in weight according to the pence called Easterlinges, but much
lesse, to wit by v.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. in the pounde: by reason whereof, victuailes,
and marchandizes became the dearer, through the whole Realme.
Aboute the same time also, the olde coine of golde, was changed in
to a new, but the old noble (then so called) was worth much aboue
the taxed rate of the new, and therefore
Coines
of gold
enhaunced.
the Marchantes iThis text is the corrected text. The original is u (SM)ngrossedenhaunced.
vp the olde, and conueyed them out of the Realme to the greate
losse of the kingdome. Wherefore a remedy was prouided by
chaunging of the stampe.
In
Towers and Castles.
45
In the yeare 1464. king Edwarde the 4. caused a new Coineboth of golde and siluer to bee made, whereby he gained much:
For he made of an olde Noble a Royal,
Coines of
golde⎜allayed
and also raised
in valew, Rose,
Noble.
which he commanded togolde⎜allayed
and also raised
in valew, Rose,
Noble.
go for x.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. Neuerthelesse to the same Royal was put 8.ď. of Alay,
and so weighed the more, being smitten, with a new stamp, to wit
a Rose. He likewise made halfe Angels of 5.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. and Farthings, of
2.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃ . 6.ď. Angelets of 6. SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃ .8.ď. and halfe Angels 3.SMALL LATIN LETTER S WITH TILDE ABOVE; ABBREVIATION FOR SHILLINGss̃. 4.ď. He made
siluer monies of 3.ď. a groate, and so of other Coynes after that
rate, to the greate harme of the commons. William Lorde Ha
stinges being Maister of the kinges Mintes.
Thus much for Mint and coynage in and by occasion of this
Tower, where the chiefe coining hath long continued, vnder cor
rection of other more skilful may suffice : and now to other acci
dents here.
Tower, where the chiefe coining hath long continued, vnder cor
rection of other more skilful may suffice : and now to other acci
dents here.
In the yeare 1360. the Peace
betweene England and France,
being confirmed, King Edwarde came ouer into England, and
straight to the Tower, to see the French king then prisoner there,
whose ransome hee assessed at three millions of Florences, and so
deliuered him from Prison, and brought him with honor to the
Sea.
being confirmed, King Edwarde came ouer into England, and
straight to the Tower, to see the French king then prisoner there,
whose ransome hee assessed at three millions of Florences, and so
deliuered him from Prison, and brought him with honor to the
Sea.
In the yere 1381. the Rebels of
Kent,
drew out of the Tow
er (where the king was then loged,) Simon Sudbery, Archbishop
of Canterbury, Lorde Chauncelor: Robart Hales Prior of S.
Iohns, and Treasurer of Englande: William Appleton Frier,
the kinges confessor, and Iohn Legge a Sargiant of the kinges,
and beheaded them on the Tower hill. &c.
er (where the king was then loged,) Simon Sudbery, Archbishop
of Canterbury, Lorde Chauncelor: Robart Hales Prior of S.
Iohns, and Treasurer of Englande: William Appleton Frier,
the kinges confessor, and Iohn Legge a Sargiant of the kinges,
and beheaded them on the Tower hill. &c.
In the yeare 1387. king Richard
held his feast of Christmas
in the Tower. And in the yeare 1399. the same king was sent
prisoner to the Tower.
in the Tower. And in the yeare 1399. the same king was sent
prisoner to the Tower.
In the yeare 1414. Sir Iohn Oldecastle brake
out of the
Tower. And the same yeare a Parliament being holden at Lei
cester, a Porter of the Tower was drawn, hanged and headed,
whose heade was sent vp, and set ouer the Tower gate, for con
senting to one Whitlooke, that brake out of the Towre.
Tower. And the same yeare a Parliament being holden at Lei
cester, a Porter of the Tower was drawn, hanged and headed,
whose heade was sent vp, and set ouer the Tower gate, for con
senting to one Whitlooke, that brake out of the Towre.
In the yeare 1419. Fryer Randulph was
sent to the Tow
er, and was there slaine by the Parson of S. Peters in the Tower.
er, and was there slaine by the Parson of S. Peters in the Tower.
In the yeare 1465. king Henry the 6. was brought priso
the Tower was yeelded to the Maior of London, and his
Brethren the Aldermen, who forthwith entered the same, and
deliuered king Henry, but the next yeare hee was againe sent
thether, and there murthered.
ner
46
Towers and Castles.
ner to the Tower, where he remained long. In the yeare, 1470.the Tower was yeelded to the Maior of London, and his
Brethren the Aldermen, who forthwith entered the same, and
deliuered king Henry, but the next yeare hee was againe sent
thether, and there murthered.
In the yeare, 1478. George Duke of Clarence was drow
ned in the Tower: and within 5. yeares after king Edwarde the
5. with his brother were murdered in the Tower. In the yere,
1502. Queene Elizabeth wife of Henry, the 7. died of childebirth
in the Tower. In the yeare 1512. the Chappell in the high
white Tower was burned. In the yeare 1536. Queene Anne
Bullen was beheaded in the Tower. In the yeare 1541.
Lady Katheren Howarde wife to king Henry the 8. was also
beheaded there.
ned in the Tower: and within 5. yeares after king Edwarde the
5. with his brother were murdered in the Tower. In the yere,
1502. Queene Elizabeth wife of Henry, the 7. died of childebirth
in the Tower. In the yeare 1512. the Chappell in the high
white Tower was burned. In the yeare 1536. Queene Anne
Bullen was beheaded in the Tower. In the yeare 1541.
Lady Katheren Howarde wife to king Henry the 8. was also
beheaded there.
Thus much for these accidentes: and now to conclude thereof
in summarie. This Tower is a citadell, to defend or commande
the Citie: A royall palace for assemblies, and treaties. A prison
of Estate, for the most daungerous offendors: The onely place of
coinage for all Englande at this present. The Armorie for war
like prouision. The Treasurie of the ornamentes and Iewels, of
the Crowne, and generall conseruer of the most auncient Re
cordes of the kinges Courtes of iustice at Westminster.
in summarie. This Tower is a citadell, to defend or commande
the Citie: A royall palace for assemblies, and treaties. A prison
of Estate, for the most daungerous offendors: The onely place of
coinage for all Englande at this present. The Armorie for war
like prouision. The Treasurie of the ornamentes and Iewels, of
the Crowne, and generall conseruer of the most auncient Re
cordes of the kinges Courtes of iustice at Westminster.
The next Tower on the riuer of Thames, is on London bridge
at the North ende of the draw bridge.
new begun to be builded in the yeare, 1426. Iohn Reynwell
Maior of London, laide one of the first corner stones, in the foun
dation of this worke, the other three were laide by the Shiriffes,
and Bridgemaisters, vpon euery of these foure stones was engra
uen in fayre Romaine letters, the name of Ihesus. And these
stones, I haue seene laide in the Bridge store house, since they
were taken vp, when that Tower was of late newly made of
timber. This gate and Tower was at the first stronglie builded vp
of stone, and so continued vntill the yere 1577. in the Moneth of
Aprill , when the same stone Arched gate, and Tower being de
cayed was begunne to bee taken downe, and then were the heads
of the Traytors remoued thence, and set on the Tower ouer the
gate at the bridge foote, towardes Southwarke. This saide Tow
Iohn Langley Lord Maior layed the first stone in the presence of
the Shiriffes, and Bridge maisters, on the 28. of Auguſt , and in
the Moneth of September, the yeare 1579. the same Tow
er was finished a beutiful and chargeable peece of worke, all aboue
the bridge being of timber.
at the North ende of the draw bridge.
Tower at the
north end of
the draw bridg
This Tower wasnorth end of
the draw bridg
new begun to be builded in the yeare, 1426. Iohn Reynwell
Maior of London, laide one of the first corner stones, in the foun
dation of this worke, the other three were laide by the Shiriffes,
and Bridgemaisters, vpon euery of these foure stones was engra
uen in fayre Romaine letters, the name of Ihesus. And these
stones, I haue seene laide in the Bridge store house, since they
were taken vp, when that Tower was of late newly made of
timber. This gate and Tower was at the first stronglie builded vp
of stone, and so continued vntill the yere 1577. in the Moneth of
Aprill , when the same stone Arched gate, and Tower being de
cayed was begunne to bee taken downe, and then were the heads
of the Traytors remoued thence, and set on the Tower ouer the
gate at the bridge foote, towardes Southwarke. This saide Tow
er
Towers and Castles.
47
being taken downe a new foundation was
drawne : and SirIohn Langley Lord Maior layed the first stone in the presence of
the Shiriffes, and Bridge maisters, on the 28. of Auguſt , and in
the Moneth of September, the yeare 1579. the same Tow
er was finished a beutiful and chargeable peece of worke, all aboue
the bridge being of timber.
An other Towre there is on London bridge, to wit, ouer
the gate at the South ende of the same bridge
warke. This gate with the Tower thereupon, and two Arches
of the Bridge fell downe, and no man perished by the fall thereof
in the yere, 1436.
ritable Citizens gaue large summes of money: which gate being
then again new builded, was in the yere 1471. burned by the Mar
riners and Saylors of Kent, Bastarde Fauconbridge, being theyr
Captaine.
the gate at the South ende of the same bridge
Tower
at the
south ende of
the bridge.
towardes Southsouth ende of
the bridge.
warke. This gate with the Tower thereupon, and two Arches
of the Bridge fell downe, and no man perished by the fall thereof
in the yere, 1436.
The south gate
on London
bridge burnedThis text has been supplied. Reason: Type not (sufficiently) inked. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (CH).
Towards the new
building whereof, diuers, chaon London
bridge burnedThis text has been supplied. Reason: Type not (sufficiently) inked. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (CH).
ritable Citizens gaue large summes of money: which gate being
then again new builded, was in the yere 1471. burned by the Mar
riners and Saylors of Kent, Bastarde Fauconbridge, being theyr
Captaine.
In the west part of this citie, (saith Fitzstephen) are two most
strong castels &c. Also Garuasius Tilbery, in the raigne of Hen
ry the second, writing of these castles, hath to this effect. Two
Castles (saith hee, are built with walles and rampires, wher
of one, is in right of succession, Baynardes: the other the Ba
rons of Mountfitchet: the first of these castles bankying on the
riuer Thames, was called Baynardes Castle, of Baynarde, a
noble man that came in with the Conqueror, and then builded
it and deceased in the yeare of the raigne of William Rufus:4 after
whose decease Geffery Baynarde succeeded, and then William
Baynarde, in the yeare 1111. who by forfeyture for felony, lost
his Barony, of little Dunmow and king Henry gaue it wholy to
Robart Fitz Richard5 the Sonne of Gilbarte Earle of Clare,
and to his heires together with the honor of Baynardes castell.
This Robart married Maude de Sent Licio, Lady of Bradham
and deceased 1134. was buried at S. Nedes, by Richarde
Earle of Clare, his Father. VValter, his sonne succeeded him,
hee tooke to wife Matilde de Becham, and after her decease
Matilde de Lucy, on whome he begat Robarte and other, hee
deceased in the yeare 1198. and was buried at Dunmow after
whome succeeded Robart Fitzwater a valiant knight.
strong castels &c. Also Garuasius Tilbery, in the raigne of Hen
ry the second, writing of these castles, hath to this effect. Two
Castles (saith hee, are built with walles and rampires, wher
of one, is in right of succession, Baynardes: the other the Ba
rons of Mountfitchet: the first of these castles bankying on the
riuer Thames, was called Baynardes Castle, of Baynarde, a
noble man that came in with the Conqueror, and then builded
it and deceased in the yeare of the raigne of William Rufus:4 after
whose decease Geffery Baynarde succeeded, and then William
Baynarde, in the yeare 1111. who by forfeyture for felony, lost
his Barony, of little Dunmow and king Henry gaue it wholy to
Robart Fitz Richard5 the Sonne of Gilbarte Earle of Clare,
and to his heires together with the honor of Baynardes castell.
This Robart married Maude de Sent Licio, Lady of Bradham
and deceased 1134. was buried at S. Nedes, by Richarde
Earle of Clare, his Father. VValter, his sonne succeeded him,
hee tooke to wife Matilde de Becham, and after her decease
Matilde de Lucy, on whome he begat Robarte and other, hee
deceased in the yeare 1198. and was buried at Dunmow after
whome succeeded Robart Fitzwater a valiant knight.
Aboute the yeare 1213. there arose a
greate discorde be
twixt king Iohn, and his Barons, because of Matilde,
the king vnlawfully loued, but could not obtayne her, nor her fa
ther woulde consent thereunto, whereupon (and for other like cau
ses) ensued warre throughout the whole Realme. The Barons
were receiued into London, where they greatly indamaged the
king, but in the end the king did not onely, (therefore) bannish the
said Fitzwater
sed his Castle called Baynarde, and other his houses to be spoiled,
which thing being done Matilde, the fayre, a Messenger being
sent vnto her,
consent, was poisoned. Robert Fitzwater, and some other being
then passed into France, and some other into Scotland. &c.
twixt king Iohn, and his Barons, because of Matilde,
Liber DunmThis text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered
by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on guesswork. (SM)ow.
surnamed
48
Towers and Castles.
med the fayre
daughter, to the sayde Roberte
Fitzwater, whomethe king vnlawfully loued, but could not obtayne her, nor her fa
ther woulde consent thereunto, whereupon (and for other like cau
ses) ensued warre throughout the whole Realme. The Barons
were receiued into London, where they greatly indamaged the
king, but in the end the king did not onely, (therefore) bannish the
said Fitzwater
Robert Fitzwa
ter banished.
(amongst other), out of the Realme: but also
cauter banished.
sed his Castle called Baynarde, and other his houses to be spoiled,
which thing being done Matilde, the fayre, a Messenger being
sent vnto her,
Virginity de
fended with
the losse of
worldly goods
and life of the
bodie, for life
of the soule
aboute the kinges suite, whereunto shee would notfended with
the losse of
worldly goods
and life of the
bodie, for life
of the soule
consent, was poisoned. Robert Fitzwater, and some other being
then passed into France, and some other into Scotland. &c.
It happened in the yere 1214. king Iohn being
then in France
with a greate Armie, that a truce was taken beewixt the two
kinges of England and France, for the terme of 5. yeares, and a
riuer or arme of the sea being then betwixt eyther Host. There
was a knight in the English host, that cried to them of the other
side, willing some one of their knightes to come and iust a course
or twaine with him, whereupon without stay Robert Fitzwater
being on the French parte, made himselfe readie, ferried ouer, and
got on horsebacke, without any man to helpe him, and shewed
himselfe ready to the face of his challenger, whome at the first
course, he stroake so harde with his greate Speare, that horse and
man fell to the grounde, and when his speare was broken, hee
went backe againe to the king of France, which when the king
were a king indeede, that had such a knight: the frendes of Robert
hearing these words, kneeled downe and saide: O King hee is
your knight: it is Robert Fitzwater, and thereupon the next day
he was sent for, and restored to the kinges fauour : by which
meanes peace was concluded, and he receiued his liuinges, and had
licence to repayre his Castle of Baynarde and other Castles.
with a greate Armie, that a truce was taken beewixt the two
kinges of England and France, for the terme of 5. yeares, and a
riuer or arme of the sea being then betwixt eyther Host. There
was a knight in the English host, that cried to them of the other
side, willing some one of their knightes to come and iust a course
or twaine with him, whereupon without stay Robert Fitzwater
being on the French parte, made himselfe readie, ferried ouer, and
got on horsebacke, without any man to helpe him, and shewed
himselfe ready to the face of his challenger, whome at the first
course, he stroake so harde with his greate Speare, that horse and
man fell to the grounde, and when his speare was broken, hee
went backe againe to the king of France, which when the king
King Iohns
oath.
had seene, by Gods tooth (quoth hee) after his vsuall oath, heeoath.
were a king indeede, that had such a knight: the frendes of Robert
hearing these words, kneeled downe and saide: O King hee is
your knight: it is Robert Fitzwater, and thereupon the next day
he was sent for, and restored to the kinges fauour : by which
meanes peace was concluded, and he receiued his liuinges, and had
licence to repayre his Castle of Baynarde and other Castles.
This Robert deceased in
the yeare 1234.6 and was buried at
Dunmow, and VValter his sonne that succeeded him 1258.
his Barony of Baynarde, was in the
the nonage of Robert Fitzwater. This Robert tooke to his
second wife Alienor, daughter to the Earle of Ferrars,7 in the
of London, hee acknowledged his seruice to the same Citie for
his Castle Baynarde, hee deceased in the yere 1305. and leauing
issue Walter FitzRobert, who had issue Robert Fitzwater9 who
deceased in the yere 1325. vnto whom succeeded Robert Fitz Ro
bert Fitzwater,10 &c. More of the Lord Fitzwaters may ye read in
my summary and Annales in the 51. of Edward the 3.. But now
how this honor of Baynardes Castle with the appurtenances fell
from the possession of the Lords Fitzwaters, I haue not read, onely
I finde that Humphrey Duke of Glocester,
by whose death in the yeare of Christ, 1446. it came to the hands
of king Henry the sixt, and from him to Richarde Duke of
Yorke, of whome we reade, that in the yeare 1457 hee lodged
there, as in his own house: and true it is, that his sonne king Ed
warde the fourth being dead, and leauing his eldest sonne Edward
and his second sonne Richarde, both infantes: there Richarde
Duke of Glocester, then Protector, practised for the Crowne, and
as it were by election of the Commons, made in the Guild hall of
London, tooke vpon him there the title of the Realme, as offered
and imposed vpon him: as yee may reade set downe and penned,
by Sir Thomas Moore. King Henry the 7. aboute the yeare
1501. the 3. of his raigne,11 repayred or rather new builded this
house not so imbattelled, or so strongly fortified castlelike, but far
more beutifull and commodious, for the entertainment of any
Prince or greate estate. In the 7. of his raigne hee with his
Queene were lodged there, and came from thence to Paules,
where they made their offering: dined in the Bishops Palace,
and so returned. The eighttenth of his raigne hee was lodged
there, and the Ambassadors from the king of Romaines were thi
ther broThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ught. to his presence, and from thence the King came to
Pawles and was ther sworne vnto the king of Romaines, as the
king had sworne vnto him. This Castle now belongeth to the
Earle of Pembrooke. The next Tower, or Castle bankyng
also on the Riuer of Thames, was, as is afore shewed, called
Mountfiquites Castle, of a noble man, Baron of Mountfitchet
the first builder thereof who came in with VVilliam the Con
queror and was surnamed Le Sir Mountfiquit. This Castle hee
West. The same William Mountfiquit liued in the Raigne of
Henry the 1. and was witnes to a Charter, then granted to the
citie for the Shiriffes of London. Richard Montfiquit liued in
king Iohns time: and in the yere 1213. was by the same king ba
nished the Realme into France, when peraduenture king Iohn
caused his Castle of Montfiquit, amongst other Castles of the
Barons to bee ouerthrowne: the which after his returne ,
might be by him againe reedified, for the totall destruction thereof
was aboute the yeare 1276. when Robert Kiliwarble, Arch
bishop of Canterbury beganne the foundation of the house of the
Friars Preachers church there, commonly called the Black Friers
as appeareth by a Charter, the 10. of Iune, the 4, of Edwarde
the 1. remayning of Recorde in the Tower, wherein is declared
that Gregory de Rocksley Maior of London, and the Barons
Robert two lanes or waies next the streete of Baynardes castle
and the Tower of Montfiquit, to be applied for the enlargement
of the saide Church and place.
Dunmow, and VValter his sonne that succeeded him 1258.
his Barony of Baynarde, was in the
Baynardes
castle againe
builded.
warde of king Henry incastle againe
builded.
the nonage of Robert Fitzwater. This Robert tooke to his
second wife Alienor, daughter to the Earle of Ferrars,7 in the
yeare,
Towers and Castles.
49
yeare, 1289. And in the yeare 1303. before Iohn Blund Maiorof London, hee acknowledged his seruice to the same Citie for
his Castle Baynarde, hee deceased in the yere 1305. and leauing
issue Walter FitzRobert, who had issue Robert Fitzwater9 who
deceased in the yere 1325. vnto whom succeeded Robert Fitz Ro
bert Fitzwater,10 &c. More of the Lord Fitzwaters may ye read in
my summary and Annales in the 51. of Edward the 3.. But now
how this honor of Baynardes Castle with the appurtenances fell
from the possession of the Lords Fitzwaters, I haue not read, onely
I finde that Humphrey Duke of Glocester,
Humphrey
Duke of Glo
cester new
builded Bay
nardes Castle.
Richard Duke
of Yorke, ho
nor of Bay
nardes Castle.
Richarde of
Glocester in
Baynardes Ca
stle tooke on
him the
Crowne.
builded it of new,Duke of Glo
cester new
builded Bay
nardes Castle.
Richard Duke
of Yorke, ho
nor of Bay
nardes Castle.
Richarde of
Glocester in
Baynardes Ca
stle tooke on
him the
Crowne.
by whose death in the yeare of Christ, 1446. it came to the hands
of king Henry the sixt, and from him to Richarde Duke of
Yorke, of whome we reade, that in the yeare 1457 hee lodged
there, as in his own house: and true it is, that his sonne king Ed
warde the fourth being dead, and leauing his eldest sonne Edward
and his second sonne Richarde, both infantes: there Richarde
Duke of Glocester, then Protector, practised for the Crowne, and
as it were by election of the Commons, made in the Guild hall of
London, tooke vpon him there the title of the Realme, as offered
and imposed vpon him: as yee may reade set downe and penned,
by Sir Thomas Moore. King Henry the 7. aboute the yeare
1501. the 3. of his raigne,11 repayred or rather new builded this
house not so imbattelled, or so strongly fortified castlelike, but far
more beutifull and commodious, for the entertainment of any
Prince or greate estate. In the 7. of his raigne hee with his
Queene were lodged there, and came from thence to Paules,
where they made their offering: dined in the Bishops Palace,
and so returned. The eighttenth of his raigne hee was lodged
there, and the Ambassadors from the king of Romaines were thi
ther broThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ught. to his presence, and from thence the King came to
Pawles and was ther sworne vnto the king of Romaines, as the
king had sworne vnto him. This Castle now belongeth to the
Earle of Pembrooke. The next Tower, or Castle bankyng
also on the Riuer of Thames, was, as is afore shewed, called
Mountfiquites Castle, of a noble man, Baron of Mountfitchet
the first builder thereof who came in with VVilliam the Con
queror and was surnamed Le Sir Mountfiquit. This Castle hee
E
builded
50
Towers and Castles.
builded in a
place not far distant from Baynardes, towardes theWest. The same William Mountfiquit liued in the Raigne of
Henry the 1. and was witnes to a Charter, then granted to the
citie for the Shiriffes of London. Richard Montfiquit liued in
king Iohns time: and in the yere 1213. was by the same king ba
nished the Realme into France, when peraduenture king Iohn
caused his Castle of Montfiquit, amongst other Castles of the
Barons to bee ouerthrowne: the which after his returne ,
might be by him againe reedified, for the totall destruction thereof
was aboute the yeare 1276. when Robert Kiliwarble, Arch
bishop of Canterbury beganne the foundation of the house of the
Friars Preachers church there, commonly called the Black Friers
as appeareth by a Charter, the 10. of Iune, the 4, of Edwarde
the 1. remayning of Recorde in the Tower, wherein is declared
that Gregory de Rocksley Maior of London, and the Barons
Barons of
London.
of the same Citie granted, and gaue
vnto the saide ArchbishoppeLondon.
Robert two lanes or waies next the streete of Baynardes castle
and the Tower of Montfiquit, to be applied for the enlargement
of the saide Church and place.
A third Tower there was also situate on the riuer of Thames
thereof, builded at the Citizens charges, but by licence and com
mandement of Edwarde the 1. and of Edwarde the 2. as appea
reth by their grantes : which Tower was then finished and so
stoode for the space of 300. yeares, and was at the last taken
downe by the commandement of Iohn Sha Maior of London
in the yeare 1502.
Tower in the
Thames.
neare vnto the saide Blacke Friers Church, on
the west parteThames.
thereof, builded at the Citizens charges, but by licence and com
mandement of Edwarde the 1. and of Edwarde the 2. as appea
reth by their grantes : which Tower was then finished and so
stoode for the space of 300. yeares, and was at the last taken
downe by the commandement of Iohn Sha Maior of London
in the yeare 1502.
An other Tower or Castle
also
was there in the west parte
of the Citie, perteyning to the king: For I reade that in the yere
1087. the 20. of VVilliam the first, 13 the Citie of London with
the Church of S. Paule. being burned, Mauritius then Bishop
of London afterwarde began the foundation of a new Church,
whereunto king VVilliam (saith mine Author) gaue the choice
stones of this Castle standing neare to the banke of the riuer of
Thames, at the west ende of the Citie. After this Mauritius, Ri
charde his successor, purchased the
compassing the same with a wall of stone, and gates. King Hen
of the Castle, on the Thames side to the south, as shoulde be néed
full to make the said wall of the Churchyarde, and so much more as
should suffice to make a way without the wal on the North side &c.
This Tower (or Castle) thus destroyed stoode as it may seeme,
in place where now standeth the house called Bridewel. For not
withstanding the destruction of the saide Castle or Tower, the
house remayned large, so that the kings of this Realme long after
were lodged there, and kept their Courtes: for in the 9. yeare of
Henry the thirde the Courte of law and iustice, were kept in the
kinges house, wheresoeuer he was lodged, and not else where.
And that the kings haue beene lodged and kept their Law courtes
in this place, I could shew you many authorities of Recorde, but
for plaine proofe this one may suffice. Hæc est finalis concordia,
faƈta in Curia Domini regis apud Sanƈt. Brigid. London a die
Sanƈti Michelis in 15. dies, Anno regni regis Iohannis 7. co
rā G. Fil. Petri. Eustacio de Faucōberg, Iohanne de Gestlinge
Osbart filio Heruey, VValter, de Crisping, Iusticiar. & aliis
Baronibus Domini regis . More (as Mathew Paris
the yeare 1210. king Iohn in the 12. of his raigne summoned a
Parliament at S. Brides in London, where hee exacted of the
Clergie and religious persons the summe of 100000. poundes, &
besides all this, the white Monkes were compelled to cancell their
Priuiledges, and to pay 40000. poundes to the king, &c. This
house of S. Brides of latter time being left, and not vsed by the
kinges: fell to ruine, insomuch that the verie platforme thereof
remayned for greate parte wast, and as it were, but a laystall of
filth and rubbish: onely a fayre well remained there: a greate part
whereof, namely on the west, (as hath beene said) was giuen to
the Bishop of SalisbThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ury, the other parte towardes the East re
mayning wast, vntill that king Henry the 8. builded a stately and
beutifull house thereupon, giuing it to name Bridewell, of the
parish and well there: this house he purposely builded for the en
tertainement of the Emperor Charles the 5. who in the yeare,
1522. came into this Citie, as I haue shewed in my summary
annales, and large chronicles.
of the Citie, perteyning to the king: For I reade that in the yere
1087. the 20. of VVilliam the first, 13 the Citie of London with
the Church of S. Paule. being burned, Mauritius then Bishop
of London afterwarde began the foundation of a new Church,
whereunto king VVilliam (saith mine Author) gaue the choice
stones of this Castle standing neare to the banke of the riuer of
Thames, at the west ende of the Citie. After this Mauritius, Ri
charde his successor, purchased the
This text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered
by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on guesswork. (SM)Vita
Arkenwald
streetes aboue Paules churchcompassing the same with a wall of stone, and gates. King Hen
ry
Towers and Castles.
51
ry the
first gaue to this Richarde so much of the Moate (or wall)of the Castle, on the Thames side to the south, as shoulde be néed
full to make the said wall of the Churchyarde, and so much more as
should suffice to make a way without the wal on the North side &c.
This Tower (or Castle) thus destroyed stoode as it may seeme,
in place where now standeth the house called Bridewel. For not
withstanding the destruction of the saide Castle or Tower, the
house remayned large, so that the kings of this Realme long after
were lodged there, and kept their Courtes: for in the 9. yeare of
Henry the thirde the Courte of law and iustice, were kept in the
kinges house, wheresoeuer he was lodged, and not else where.
And that the kings haue beene lodged and kept their Law courtes
in this place, I could shew you many authorities of Recorde, but
for plaine proofe this one may suffice. Hæc est finalis concordia,
faƈta in Curia Domini regis apud Sanƈt. Brigid. London a die
Sanƈti Michelis in 15. dies, Anno regni regis Iohannis 7. co
rā G. Fil. Petri. Eustacio de Faucōberg, Iohanne de Gestlinge
Osbart filio Heruey, VValter, de Crisping, Iusticiar. & aliis
Baronibus Domini regis . More (as Mathew Paris
Mathew Paris
manuscriptThis text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)a. Parliament at
S. Brides.
hath) aboutmanuscriptThis text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered by other available values. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)a. Parliament at
S. Brides.
the yeare 1210. king Iohn in the 12. of his raigne summoned a
Parliament at S. Brides in London, where hee exacted of the
Clergie and religious persons the summe of 100000. poundes, &
besides all this, the white Monkes were compelled to cancell their
Priuiledges, and to pay 40000. poundes to the king, &c. This
house of S. Brides of latter time being left, and not vsed by the
kinges: fell to ruine, insomuch that the verie platforme thereof
remayned for greate parte wast, and as it were, but a laystall of
filth and rubbish: onely a fayre well remained there: a greate part
whereof, namely on the west, (as hath beene said) was giuen to
the Bishop of SalisbThis text is the corrected text. The original is n (SM)ury, the other parte towardes the East re
mayning wast, vntill that king Henry the 8. builded a stately and
beutifull house thereupon, giuing it to name Bridewell, of the
parish and well there: this house he purposely builded for the en
tertainement of the Emperor Charles the 5. who in the yeare,
1522. came into this Citie, as I haue shewed in my summary
annales, and large chronicles.
On the northwest side of this Citie, neare vnto Redcrosse
kenning, for that the same being placed on a high ground, and also
builded of some good height, was in the olde time vsed as a Watch
Tower, for the Citie, from whence a man might behold and view
the whole Citie towards the South, as also sée into Kent, Sussex,
and Surrey, and likewise euery other way east, north, or west.
E2
sterete
52
Towers and Castles.
streete
there was a Tower commonlie
called Barbican, or Burhkenning, for that the same being placed on a high ground, and also
builded of some good height, was in the olde time vsed as a Watch
Tower, for the Citie, from whence a man might behold and view
the whole Citie towards the South, as also sée into Kent, Sussex,
and Surrey, and likewise euery other way east, north, or west.
Some other Burhkennings or (Watch Towers)
there were
of olde time in and aboute the citie, all which were repayred, yea
and others new builded, by Gilbart de Clare earle of Glocester,
in the raigne of king Henry, the third, when the Barons were in
Armes, and held the citie against the kThis text has been supplied. Reason: Omitted from the original text due to a printing or typesetting error. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)ing: but the Barons being
reconciled to his fauour in the yeare 1267. hee caused all their
Burhkenninges, watch towers, and Bulwarkes made and re
pared by the said Earle, to be plucked downe, and the ditches to
be filled vp:so that nought of them might be séene to remaine and
then was this Burhkenning amongst the rest ouerthrowne and
destroyed: and although the ditch neare thereunto, called Hounds
ditch was stopped vp, yet the streete of long time after was called
Houndes ditch, and of late time more commonly called Barbican.
The plot or seate of this Burhkenning or watch tower, king Ed
warde the thirde in the yeare 1336. and the 10. of his raigne,
gaue vnto Robert Efforde Earle of Suffolke, by the name of his
Mannor of Base courte, in the parish of S. Giles without Cripple
gate of London, commonly called the Barbican.
of olde time in and aboute the citie, all which were repayred, yea
and others new builded, by Gilbart de Clare earle of Glocester,
in the raigne of king Henry, the third, when the Barons were in
Armes, and held the citie against the kThis text has been supplied. Reason: Omitted from the original text due to a printing or typesetting error. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.). (SM)ing: but the Barons being
reconciled to his fauour in the yeare 1267. hee caused all their
Burhkenninges, watch towers, and Bulwarkes made and re
pared by the said Earle, to be plucked downe, and the ditches to
be filled vp:so that nought of them might be séene to remaine and
then was this Burhkenning amongst the rest ouerthrowne and
destroyed: and although the ditch neare thereunto, called Hounds
ditch was stopped vp, yet the streete of long time after was called
Houndes ditch, and of late time more commonly called Barbican.
The plot or seate of this Burhkenning or watch tower, king Ed
warde the thirde in the yeare 1336. and the 10. of his raigne,
gaue vnto Robert Efforde Earle of Suffolke, by the name of his
Mannor of Base courte, in the parish of S. Giles without Cripple
gate of London, commonly called the Barbican.
Tower Royall was of old time the kinges house, but
sithence
called the Queenes Wardrobe: the Princesse, mother to King
Richard the 2. in the 4. of his raigne was lodged there being for
ced to flie from the tower of London, when the Rebels possessed
it: But on the 15. of Iune (saith Frosarde) VVat Tylar being
slaine, the king went to this Lady Princesse his mother, then lod
ged in the Tower Royall, called the Queenes Wardrobe, where
she had tarried 2. dayes and 2. nightes: which Tower (sayeth the
Recorde of Edwarde the 3. the 36. yeare) was in the Parish of
S. Michaell de Pater noster, &c. In the yeare 1386. king
Richarde with Queene Anne his wife, kept their Christmas
at Eltham, whether came to him Lion king of Ermony vnder
pretence to reforme Peace, betwixt the kinges of Englande and
besides innumerable giftes, that he receiued of the king, and of the
Nobles, the king lying then in this Royall at the Queenes War
drobe, in London, granted to him a Charter of a thousand pounds
by yeare, during his life. Hee was (as hee affirmed) chased out
of his kingdome by the Tartarians. The rest concerning this
Tower shall you reade when you come to the Vintry warde
in which it standeth.
called the Queenes Wardrobe: the Princesse, mother to King
Richard the 2. in the 4. of his raigne was lodged there being for
ced to flie from the tower of London, when the Rebels possessed
it: But on the 15. of Iune (saith Frosarde) VVat Tylar being
slaine, the king went to this Lady Princesse his mother, then lod
ged in the Tower Royall, called the Queenes Wardrobe, where
she had tarried 2. dayes and 2. nightes: which Tower (sayeth the
Recorde of Edwarde the 3. the 36. yeare) was in the Parish of
S. Michaell de Pater noster, &c. In the yeare 1386. king
Richarde with Queene Anne his wife, kept their Christmas
at Eltham, whether came to him Lion king of Ermony vnder
pretence to reforme Peace, betwixt the kinges of Englande and
France
Of Schooles and houses of Learning.
53
France, but what his comming profited he
onely vnderstoode: forbesides innumerable giftes, that he receiued of the king, and of the
Nobles, the king lying then in this Royall at the Queenes War
drobe, in London, granted to him a Charter of a thousand pounds
by yeare, during his life. Hee was (as hee affirmed) chased out
of his kingdome by the Tartarians. The rest concerning this
Tower shall you reade when you come to the Vintry warde
in which it standeth.
Notes
- I.e., ouerseer. (SM)↑
- I.e., Tower Ditch. (MR)↑
- I.e., Tower Ditch. (MR)↑
- In the 1598 text, Stow does not
specify a year. In the 1603 text, Stow removes the phrase
the year of.
(KL)↑ Robart Fitz Richard
is correctly changed toRobert the sonne of Richard
in later editions of Stow’s Survey. (JZ)↑- Robert Fitzwalter actually died in 1235 (See ODNB entry for Robert Fitzwalter). (JZ)↑
- I.e., Robert de Ferrers. (JZ)↑
- Stow here means Robert Fitzwalter. This error is corrected in later editions of Stow’s Survey (JZ)↑
- Stow appears to be mistaken here. According to ODNB, Lord Robert Fitzwalter’s son, Walter, predeceased him, making his other son, Sir Robert Fitzwalter, his heir (ODNB Fitzwalter family). This Robert may be the one here mentioned by Stow who died in 1325 (Sir Robert Fitwalter’s actual death occurred in 1328). (JZ)↑
- Stow appears to be mistaken here. The son of Sir Robert Fitzwalter was Lord John Fitzwalter, the second Lord Fitzwalter. Lord John Fitzwalter’s son and heir was named Walter Fitzwalter. It is uncertain who Stow here means by
Robert Fitz Robert Fitzwater.
(JZ)↑ - Stow’s two dating methods do not correspond here; 1501 is the 16th/17th year of Henry VII’s reign. Given the context, it is likely that the third year of Henry VII’s reign (1487-1488) is the correct date. (SM)↑
- I.e., King Henry VII. (SM)↑
- Stow’s two dating methods do not correspond here; 1087 was in the 21st and final year of William I’s reign. (SM)↑
References
-
Citation
Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. See also the digital transcription of this edition at British History Online.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by , U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.
Chicago citation
Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles.The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm.
, & 2022. Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, RefWorks, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Stow, John A1 - fitz-Stephen, William ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles T2 - The Map of Early Modern London ET - 7.0 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/05 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/stow_1598_towers.xml ER -
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#STOW6"><surname>Stow</surname>, <forename>John</forename></name></author>,
and <author><name ref="#FITZ1"><forename>William</forename> <surname>fitz-Stephen</surname></name></author>.
<title level="a">Survey of London (1598): Towers and Castles</title>. <title level="m">The
Map of Early Modern London</title>, Edition <edition>7.0</edition>, edited by <editor><name
ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename> <surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>,
<publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>, <date when="2022-05-05">05 May 2022</date>,
<ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_towers.htm</ref>.</bibl>
Personography
-
Molly Rothwell
MR
Project Manager, 2022-present. Research Assistant, 2020-2022. Molly Rothwell was an undergraduate student at the University of Victoria, with a double major in English and History. During her time at MoEML, Molly primarily worked on encoding and transcribing the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey, adding toponyms to MoEML’s Gazetteer, researching England’s early-modern court system, and standardizing MoEML’s Mapography.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Molly Rothwell is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Molly Rothwell is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Jamie Zabel
JZ
Research Assistant, 2020-2021. Managing Encoder, 2020-2021. Jamie Zabel was an MA student at the University of Victoria in the Department of English. She completed her BA in English at the University of British Columbia in 2017. She published a paper in University College London’s graduate publication Moveable Type (2020) and presented at the University of Victoria’s 2021 Digital Humanities Summer Institute. During her time at MoEML, she made significant contributions to the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey as proofreader, editor, and encoder, coordinated the encoding of the 1633 edition, and researched and authored a number of encyclopedia articles and geo-coordinates to supplement both editions. She also played a key role in managing the correction process of MoEML’s Gazetteer.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Primary Encoder
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Jamie Zabel is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Jamie Zabel is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Lucas Simpson
LS
Research Assistant, 2018-2021. Lucas Simpson was a student at the University of Victoria.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Compiler
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Lucas Simpson is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Lucas Simpson is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Chris Horne
CH
Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Chris Horne was an honours student in the Department of English at the University of Victoria. His primary research interests included American modernism, affect studies, cultural studies, and digital humanities.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Copy Editor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Chris Horne is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Chris Horne is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Kate LeBere
KL
Project Manager, 2020-2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019-2020. Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. She published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. During her time at MoEML, Kate made significant contributions to the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey of London, old-spelling anthology of mayoral shows, and old-spelling library texts. She authored the MoEML’s first Project Management Manual andquickstart
guidelines for new employees and helped standardize the Personography and Bibliography. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Kate LeBere is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Kate LeBere is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Tracey El Hajj
TEH
Junior Programmer 2018-2020. Research Associate 2020-2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019-20 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course onArtificial Intelligence and Everyday Life.
Tracey was also a member of the Linked Early Modern Drama Online team, between 2019 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Editor
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Junior Programmer
Contributions by this author
Tracey El Hajj is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tracey El Hajj is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Joey Takeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Junior Programmer
-
Markup Editor
-
Post-Conversion Editor
-
Programmer
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Joey Takeda is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Joey Takeda is mentioned in the following documents:
Joey Takeda authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
Jenstad, Janelle and Joseph Takeda.
Making the RA Matter: Pedagogy, Interface, and Practices.
Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Jentery Sayers. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Print.
-
-
Katie Tanigawa
KT
Project Manager, 2015-2019. Katie Tanigawa was a doctoral candidate at the University of Victoria. Her dissertation focused on representations of poverty in Irish modernist literature. Her additional research interests included geospatial analyses of modernist texts and digital humanities approaches to teaching and analyzing literature.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
Conceptor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Managing Editor
-
Markup Editor
-
Project Manager
-
Proofreader
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Katie Tanigawa is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Katie Tanigawa is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Catriona Duncan
CD
Research Assistant, 2014-2016. Catriona was an MA student at the University of Victoria. Her primary research interests included medieval and early modern Literature with a focus on book history, spatial humanities, and technology.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Conceptor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcription Proofer
Contributions by this author
Catriona Duncan is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Catriona Duncan is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Tye Landels-Gruenewald
TLG
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Architect
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Tye Landels-Gruenewald is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tye Landels-Gruenewald is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Nathan Phillips
NAP
Research Assistant, 2012-2014. Nathan Phillips completed his MA at the University of Victoria specializing in medieval and early modern studies in April 2014. His research focused on seventeenth-century non-dramatic literature, intellectual history, and the intersection of religion and politics. Additionally, Nathan was interested in textual studies, early-Tudor drama, and the editorial questions one can ask of all sixteenth- and seventeenth-century texts in the twisted mire of 400 years of editorial practice. Nathan is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of English at Brown University.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
Contributions by this author
Nathan Phillips is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Nathan Phillips is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Sarah Milligan
SM
Research Assistant, 2012-2014. MoEML Research Affiliate. Sarah Milligan completed her MA at the University of Victoria in 2012 on the invalid persona in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese. She has also worked with the Internet Shakespeare Editions and with Dr. Alison Chapman on the Victorian Poetry Network, compiling an index of Victorian periodical poetry.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
Compiler
-
Copy Editor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Markup Editor
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
Contributions by this author
Sarah Milligan is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Sarah Milligan is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
-
Associate Project Director
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Manager
-
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Managing Editor
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Architect
-
Research Fellow
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
-
Vetter
Contributions by this author
Kim McLean-Fiander is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Kim McLean-Fiander is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Author (Preface)
-
Author of Preface
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Course Instructor
-
Course Supervisor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Peer Reviewer
-
Project Director
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
-
Vetter
Contributions by this author
Janelle Jenstad is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Janelle Jenstad is mentioned in the following documents:
Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
Jenstad, Janelle and Joseph Takeda.
Making the RA Matter: Pedagogy, Interface, and Practices.
Making Things and Drawing Boundaries: Experiments in the Digital Humanities. Ed. Jentery Sayers. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2018. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. U of Victoria. http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/MV/.
-
Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed.
-
-
Paul Schaffner
PS
E-text and TCP production manager at the University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service (DLPS), Paul manages the production of full-text transcriptions for EEBO-TCP.Roles played in the project
-
Editor of Original EEBO-TCP Encoding
-
-
Sebastian Rahtz
SR
Chief data architect at University of Oxford IT Services, Sebastian was well known for his contributions to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), OxGarage, and the Text Creation Partnership (TCP).Roles played in the project
-
Creator of TEI Stylesheets for Conversion of EEBO-TCP Encoding to TEI-P5
-
-
Martin D. Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Conceptor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geo-Coordinate Researcher
-
Markup Editor
-
Post-Conversion Editor
-
Programmer
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
Contributions by this author
Martin D. Holmes is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Martin D. Holmes is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Alfred the Great
Alfred the Great King of Wessex King of the Anglo-Saxons
(b. between 848 and 849, d. 899)King of Wessex 871-886. King of the Anglo-Saxons 886-899. Father of Ethelfled. Father-in-law of Æthelred and Adhered.Alfred the Great is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Anne Boleyn is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Ralph Baynard is mentioned in the following documents:
-
William Baynard is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Richard de Belmeis I
Richard de Belmeis This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I Bishop of London
(d. 1127)Richard de Belmeis I is mentioned in the following documents:
-
John Bever is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Charles V
Charles This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 5V Holy Roman Emperor King of Germany King of Italy King of Spain
(b. 1500, d. 1558)Holy Roman Emperor 1519-1556. King of Germany 1519-1556. King of Italy 1530-1556. King of Spain 1516-1556.Charles V is mentioned in the following documents:
-
George Plantagenet
(b. 1449, d. 1478)First Duke of Clarence. Drowned in a vessel filled with malmsey (a fortified wine).George Plantagenet is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Edward I
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Longshanks Hammer of the Scots
(b. between 17 June 1239 and 18 June 1239, d. in or before 27 October 1307)Edward I is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Edward III
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England
(b. 12 November 1312, d. 21 June 1377)Edward III is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Edward IV
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 4IV King of England
(b. 28 April 1442, d. 9 April 1483)Edward IV is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth Queen consort of England
(b. 1466, d. 1503)Queen consort of England 1486-1503. Wife of Henry VII. Mother of Henry VIII. Buried at Henry VII’s Chapel.Elizabeth of York is mentioned in the following documents:
-
William fitz-Stephen is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Henry VIII
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 8VIII King of England King of Ireland
(b. 28 June 1491, d. 28 January 1547)King of England and Ireland 1509-1547.Henry VIII is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Henry VI
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 6VI King of England
(b. 6 December 1421, d. 21 May 1471)Henry VI is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Henry VII
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 7VII King of England
(b. 1457, d. 1509)Henry VII is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Henry III
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England
(b. 1 October 1207, d. 16 November 1272)Henry III is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Roger of Hoveden is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Humphrey of Lancaster
Humphrey
(b. 1390, d. 1447)First Duke of Gloucester. Prince, soldier, and literary patron. Rebuit Baynard’s Castle after it was destroyed by fire in 1428. Husband of Eleanor de Cobham. Son of Henry IV and Mary de Bohun.Humphrey of Lancaster is mentioned in the following documents:
-
William de Longchamp
William de Longchamp Bishop of Ely
(d. 1197)Bishop of Ely 1189–1197. Chancellor of England.William de Longchamp is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Maurice is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Sir Thomas More is mentioned in the following documents:
Sir Thomas More authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
More, Thomas. The co[n]futacyon of Tyndales answere made by syr Thomas More knyght lorde chau[n]cellour of Englonde. London, 1532. STC 18079.
-
Richard II
Richard This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II King of England
(b. 6 January 1367, d. 1400)Richard II is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Richard III
Richard This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 3III King of England
(b. 1452, d. 1485)King of England and Lord of Ireland 1483-1485.Richard III is mentioned in the following documents:
-
John Stow
(b. between 1524 and 1525, d. 1605)