Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis
This document is currently in draft. When it has been reviewed and proofed, it will
be
published on the site.
Please note that it is not of publishable quality yet.
Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis
¶Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis
Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis describes an ideal London. As the
City of Peace,London becomes New Jerusalem, in which urbs, communitas, and res publica combine in a unified vision of religious and civil peace. Adams communicates this interpretation of God’s will with London’s familiar terrain, making his doctrine more understandable to his audience. Simultaneously, Adams invests London’s space, inhabitants, and government with divine meaning. However, beneath Adams’s attempts to glorify the city, the reader can detect undercurrents of unease. Ultimately, Adams’s London is two-faced: it is both glorious and disquieting, holy and unholy, unified and divided.
Adams was a prolific and popular seventeenth-century preacher and
author; he produced nineteen collections of sermons and three treatises
between 1612 and 1652. At the
height of his popularity, Adams preached on several occasions at Paul’s Cross. In 1625, he read sermons
for the lord mayor’s election and the bishop of London’s visit. He also spoke at
Whitehall two days after the death of
King James. Reportedly called
the prose Shakespeare of Puritan theologiansby Robert Southey DNB, Adams developed a highly satirical prose style that drew on contemporary dramatic conventions.
In an era characterized by religious contention, Eirenopolis advocates that peace be the paramount aim of
religion. It is a thoughtful work for and about the citizens of early
modern London. By using familiar London landmarks, it illuminates how
citizens might become better city-dwellers. The frequent use of Latin,
along with Biblical and classical allusions, implies an ecclesiastical
audience, but the inclusion of translations and verse glosses suggests
that Adams intended his text to reach a popular readership as well.
Eirenopolis’s central conceit is the
association of London’s urbs with
various peaceful themes. The city
walls are allegorized as Unity and Concord, Bishopsgate
as Innocence, Ludgate as
Patience, Aldgate as Beneficence,
Cripplegate as Recompense, and
the Thames as
Prosperity. These associations suggest that the
City of Peace,or
New Jerusalem(6), is realized within London. The new names of these urbs invest the architecture of London with divine meaning. The walls no longer merely delineate the boundary of London proper; they unify the inhabitants as a holy body (31). The association of Bishopgate with the clergy serves as a physical reminder of the blamelessness of God’s servants (43). Ludgate’s prison is no longer a mere jail for freemen and clergymen; it becomes a place where Londoners learn to patiently suffer the world’s ills (20). Aldgate, with its statues of Peace and Charity and its proximity to two almshouses, becomes a model of divine charity. Cripplegate, which was apparently named after its crippled beggars, is invested with the virtues of compensation and renewal following sin. Finally, the Thames, as the provider of commerce and material goods, becomes
the Ocean of God’s Bountie(168).
While London as an urbs is generally
eulogized, Adams includes two representations of evil and civic strife:
Newgate and Moorgate, symbols of Contention. Newgate, as London’s oldest prison, represents
the birth of strife(92) in London, while Moorgate, as a location for the banishment of all those
fitter for the societie of Moores and Pagans(91), represents all that is alien to London.
These contentious gates operate solely as portals out of the city. All of
the symbolic elements of the city structure function as agents of
movement: the virtuous gates as inward thresholds, the walls as
prohibitors of movement and upholders of the status quo, and the
contentious gates as means of expulsion. The Thames occupies a dual position, with its capacity to
[come] flowing in with Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] commodities, [and go…] loaden backe with Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] injuries(166). Effectively, virtue is presented as something that exists outside of London and therefore must be imported; conversely, the city itself produces nothing but vice. This treatment of the urbs of London, as both a worldly expression of God’s will and a producer of strife and filth, signals the text’s ambivalence about the city.
The city walls, even as they form the urbs, simultaneously denote the border of a totalizing communitas of London citizens. In
his description of the walls as Unity and Concord, Adams proposes that
it is in a Citie, as in a Bodie(31). As a unified physical body, citizens must
all…exercise their functions for the good of the whole(34). Individual differences are permitted, for
some are stronger, as the armes and legges(32), but all must combine to provide for
the supportation of the weaker(32). It is not merely through entering the urbs of the city, but by sacrificing private desires for the general good that the
faithfull citizens of Peace(33) are determined. However, the city as a connected body of disparate members is not merely the ideal condition of the Holy City; it is an unavoidable condition of city life. Whether in practice the London body pursues the good of all its component members, or chooses to
starue the whole Body, to fatt a toe(34), is uncertain. Once again, despite Adams’s predominantly laudatory tone, his trepidation regarding London’s actual merit emerges as he concedes that
Many euill men may haue one will in wickednesse(39). Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the fundamental reason for civil unity is to protect the city from an
enemie’s entrance(38). Far from being united, Adams’s Londoners constantly threaten to
pecke out one another’s eyes(40). London is no longer a New Jerusalem, but a composite Judah and Israel that, in warring against itself, is overcome by enemies (43). The undercurrent of strife once again corrupts the holy and perfect city of peace.
Adams’s representation of London as res
publica also corresponds with the general tendency of Eirenopolis to depict London as the
City of God in miniature, while concurrently revealing an embedded
trepidation regarding its virtue. If the ruler of New Jerusalem is God,
then the ruler of London must be
a little God(126); the section on the
Prince of Peace(126) is essentially an extended tribute to King James and an argument for his divine right to rule. In the City of Peace,
all must obey(126) both the God-on-Earth of the King, and the Gospel-on-Earth of the law (138). London becomes an amalgamated expression of the royal court and the court of law, attended by
Plenty Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] her Treasurer, Liberalitie her Almoner, Conscience her Chancelor, Wisdome her Counseller(188). Adams explicitly upholds
Magistracie, or [the] lawfulnes of authoritie(110); at the same time, he expresses distrust regarding the legal process. In a lengthy diatribe against lawyers and legal abuses, Adams depicts London’s res publica as infested with a
smooth-fac’d company(91) of civil antagonists. Language saturated with references to feeding, diseased bowels, and foul air (108–10) denotes a res publica that is not a reflection of the Gospel, but instead a disorder in the body of London.
The London of Eirenopolis is a
complicated tangle of urbs, communitas, and res publica. London, an amalgamation
of New Jerusalem and Babel, is both divine and dangerous. Adams employs
London as an analogy in order to clarify his opinions regarding holiness
and peace, and his treatise demonstrates considerable theological
knowledge and an unquestionable desire to contribute to social
well-being. However, more than a model for peace, Eirenopolis provides a revealing
indication of early modern confusion regarding this changing city.
Adams’s concluding image of London is as Solomon’s Jerusalem verified, but his most apt image of
London might be his allusion to anamorphic pictures: London is like
certain Pictures, that represent to diuers beholders, at diuers stations, diuers formes Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] Looking one way, you see a beautifull Virgine: another way, some deformed monster(166).
¶Textual Note
Eirenopolis: The Citie of Peace. Surueyed and commended to all Chriſtians (STC 112) was printed in octavo format in 1622 by Augustine Matthews for John Grismand. It was entered into the Stationers’ Register on 3 May 1622. The imprint line tells
us that the book was
to be ſold at his This text has been supplied. Reason: The text is not clear for some reason not covered by other values of @reason. Evidence: The text has been supplied based on evidence internal to this text (context, etc.).Grismand’s Shop in Pauls Alley, at the Signe of the Gunne.According to the English Short Title Catalogue, only three copies survive; they are held by the British Library, the Bodleian, and the Huntington Library. Our text is a semi-diplomatic transcription of the EEBO digital surrogate of the Bodleian copy.
The sermon was later reprinted in the folio collection of Adams’ works: The Workes of Tho: Adams. Being the Svmme of His Sermons, Meditations, and other Divine
and Morall Discovrses (1629; STC 105).
Cite this page
MLA citation
Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis.The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 15 Sep. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm. Draft.
Chicago citation
Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis.The Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm. Draft.
APA citation
2020. Critical Introduction to
Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis. In (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm. Draft.
RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/09/15 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/EIRE1_critical.xml TY - UNP ER -
RefWorks
RT Unpublished Material SR Electronic(1) A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Critical Introduction to Thomas Adams’s Eirenopolis T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/09/15 RD 2020/09/15 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"> <title level="a">Critical Introduction to
Thomas Adams’s <title level="m">Eirenopolis</title></title>. <title level="m">The
Map of Early Modern London</title>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename>
<surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>,
<date when="2020-09-15">15 Sep. 2020</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/EIRE1_critical.htm</ref>.
Draft.</bibl>
Personography
-
Tracey El Hajj
TEH
Junior Programmer, 2018-present. Tracey is a PhD candidate in the English Department at the University of Victoria. Her research focuses on Critical Technical Practice, more specifically Algorhythmics. She is interested in how technologies communicate without humans, affecting social and cultural environments in complex ways.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Junior Programmer
-
Revising Author
Contributions by this author
Tracey El Hajj is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tracey El Hajj is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Joey Takeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Author of Abstract
-
Author of Introduction
-
Author of Stub
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Copy Editor and Revisor
-
Data Manager
-
Date Encoder
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Encoder (Bibliography)
-
Geographic Information Specialist
-
Geographic Information Specialist (Agas)
-
Junior Programmer
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Co-Architect
-
MoEML Encoder
-
MoEML Transcriber
-
Post-conversion processing and markup correction
-
Programmer
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Second Author
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Editor
Contributions by this author
Joey Takeda is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Joey Takeda is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Tye Landels-Gruenewald
TLG
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
Author of Term Descriptions
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Geographic Information Specialist
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Architect
-
MoEML Researcher
-
Name Encoder
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
Contributions by this author
Tye Landels-Gruenewald is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Tye Landels-Gruenewald is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Cameron Butt
CB
Research Assistant, 2012–2013. Cameron Butt completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2013. He minored in French and has a keen interest in Shakespeare, film, media studies, popular culture, and the geohumanities.Roles played in the project
-
Author
-
CSS Editor
-
Conceptor
-
Contributing Author
-
Copy Editor
-
Creator
-
Data Manager
-
Encoder
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Architect
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Transcriber
Contributions by this author
Cameron Butt is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Cameron Butt is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–present. Associate Project Director, 2015–present. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
-
Associate Project Director
-
Author
-
Author of MoEML Introduction
-
CSS Editor
-
Compiler
-
Contributor
-
Copy Editor
-
Data Contributor
-
Data Manager
-
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Encoder (People)
-
Geographic Information Specialist
-
JCURA Co-Supervisor
-
Managing Editor
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Architect
-
Metadata Co-Architect
-
MoEML Research Fellow
-
MoEML Transcriber
-
Proofreader
-
Second Author
-
Secondary Author
-
Secondary Editor
-
Toponymist
-
Vetter
Contributions by this author
Kim McLean-Fiander is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Kim McLean-Fiander is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
-
Annotator
-
Author
-
Author of Abstract
-
Author of Stub
-
Author of Term Descriptions
-
Author of Textual Introduction
-
Compiler
-
Conceptor
-
Copy Editor
-
Copyeditor
-
Course Instructor
-
Course Supervisor
-
Course supervisor
-
Data Manager
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Encoder (Structure and Toponyms)
-
Final Markup Editor
-
GIS Specialist
-
Geographic Information Specialist
-
Geographic Information Specialist (Modern)
-
Geographical Information Specialist
-
JCURA Co-Supervisor
-
Main Transcriber
-
Markup Editor
-
Metadata Co-Architect
-
MoEML Project Director
-
MoEML Transcriber
-
Name Encoder
-
Peer Reviewer
-
Primary Author
-
Project Director
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
-
Reviewer
-
Reviser
-
Revising Author
-
Second Author
-
Second Encoder
-
Toponymist
-
Transcriber
-
Transcription Proofreader
-
Vetter
Contributions by this author
Janelle Jenstad is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Janelle Jenstad is mentioned in the following documents:
Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
-
Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
-
-
Martin D. Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
-
Abstract Author
-
Author
-
Author of abstract
-
Conceptor
-
Editor
-
Encoder
-
Markup editor
-
Name Encoder
-
Post-conversion and Markup Editor
-
Post-conversion processing and markup correction
-
Programmer
-
Proofreader
-
Researcher
Contributions by this author
Martin D. Holmes is a member of the following organizations and/or groups:
Martin D. Holmes is mentioned in the following documents:
-
-
Alison Knight
AK
Student contributor enrolled in English 520: Representations of London in Early Modern Literature and Culture at the University of Victoria in Fall 2005. MA student, English, University of Victoria. Alison Knight received her MA in 2006 and is now completing her doctoral studies at Cambridge University.Roles played in the project
-
Author of Critical Introduction
-
-
Thomas Adams is mentioned in the following documents:
Thomas Adams authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
Adams, Thomas. The deuills banket described in foure sermons. London: Thomas Snodham, 1614. STC 110.5. EEBO.
-
Adams, Thomas. Diseases of the soule a discourse diuine, morall, and physicall. London: George Purslower for John Badge, 1616. STC 109. EEBO.
-
Adams, Thomas. Mystical bedlam, or the vvorld of mad-men. London: n.p., 1615. STC 124. EEBO. Subscr.
-
Adams, Thomas. The works of Thomas Adams: being the sum of his sermons, meditations, and other divine and moral discourses. Ed. James Nichol. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1861–1862. Babel Haithi Trust. Open.
-
Sir Allan Cotton
Sir Allan Cotton Sheriff Mayor
(d. 1628)Sheriff of London 1616-1617. Mayor 1625-1626. Member of the Drapers’ Company. Knighted on 4 June 1626.Sir Allan Cotton is mentioned in the following documents:
-
John Grismand is mentioned in the following documents:
-
James VI and I
James This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 6VI This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of Scotland King of England King of Ireland
(b. 1566, d. 1625)James VI and I is mentioned in the following documents:
James VI and I authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
-
James VI and I. Letters of King James VI and I. Ed. G.P.V. Akrigg. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Print.
-
Rhodes, Neill, Jennifer Richards, and Joseph Marshall, eds. King James VI and I: Selected Writings. By James VI and I. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004.
-
Augustine Matthews is mentioned in the following documents:
-
George Mountain
George Mountain Bishop of Lincoln Bishop of London Bishop of Durham Archbishop of York
(b. 1569, d. 1628)Archbishop of York 1628. Bishop of Lincoln 1617-1621. Bishop of London 1621-1627. Bishop of Durham 1627-1628.George Mountain is mentioned in the following documents:
Locations
-
St. Paul’s Cross is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Whitehall
Whitehall Palace, the Palace of Whitehall or simply Whitehall, was one of the most complex and sizeable locations in the entirety of early modern Europe. As the primary place of residence for monarchs from 1529 to 1698, Whitehall was an architectural testament to the shifting sociopolitical, religious, and aesthetic currents of Renaissance England. Edward H. Shugden describes the geospatial location of Whitehall in noting that[i]t lay on the left bank of the Thames, and extended from nearly the point where Westminster Bdge. now crosses the river to Scotland Yard, and from the river back to St. James’s Park
(Sugden 564-565).Whitehall is mentioned in the following documents:
-
The Wall
Originally built as a Roman fortification for the provincial city of Londinium in the second century C.E., the London Wall remained a material and spatial boundary for the city throughout the early modern period. Described by Stow ashigh and great
(Stow 1: 8), the London Wall dominated the cityscape and spatial imaginations of Londoners for centuries. Increasingly, the eighteen-foot high wall created a pressurized constraint on the growing city; the various gates functioned as relief valves where development spilled out to occupy spacesoutside the wall.
The Wall is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Bishopsgate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Ludgate
Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Ludgate was a gate built by the Romans (Carlin and Belcher 80). Stow asserts that Ludgate was constructed by King Lud who named the gate after himselffor his owne honor
(Stow 1: 1).Ludgate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Aldgate
Aldgate was the easternmost gate into the walled city. The nameAldgate
is thought to come from one of four sources: Æst geat meaningEastern gate
(Ekwall 36), Alegate from the Old English ealu meaningale,
Aelgate from the Saxon meaningpublic gate
oropen to all,
or Aeldgate meaningold gate
(Bebbington 20–21).Aldgate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Cripplegate
Cripplegate was one of the original gates in the city wall (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 221; Harben). It was the northern gate of a large fortress that occupied the northwestern corner of the Roman city.Cripplegate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
The Thames is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Newgate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Moorgate is mentioned in the following documents:
-
St. Paul’s Alley
Henry Harben describes the general location of St. Paul’s Alley in noting that it isIn Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Ward Within
(Harben 459). Also known simply asPaul’s Alley,
the lane’s positioning on Ogilby and Morgan’s 1677 map is directly north of the west end St. Paul’s Cathedal. The alley runs north-to-south and intersects with Paternoster Row. The alley, like St. Paul’s Cathedral itself, was integral to the early modern book trade.St. Paul’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
Glossary
-
communitas
The spirit of community. An unstructured body of people acting collectively and equally. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
-
res publica
The common good of a state. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents:
-
urbs
The physical, architectural existence of a city. (TL)This term is tagged in the following documents: