Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in Bibliographies
In my previous blog post, I discussed the need for geocoded bibliographic databases in print culture studies
and the enormous value of the spatial queries that such databases would enable. What
would such a database look like? How might programmers and encoders design a database
that dynamically links data points about material books and stationers with spatial
variables? In an effort to answer such questions, I shall here showcase how The Map of Early Modern London (MoEML) has chosen to geocode data pertaining to the early modern London book trade
in a TEI-compliant XML database. My hope is that MoEML’s prototype will serve as a
touchstone for print historians, regardless of their specializations, who are interested
in incorporating spatial variables into their bibliographic data.
Print historians have used a variety of methods and languages to encode bibliographic
data. The English Short Title Catalogue (ESTC) uses MARC formatting, a library cataloguing method developed by the Library of Congress,
to encode their 460,000+ entries. The London Book Trade Database (LBTD) encodes its information as tab-delineated values in a Microsoft Access database.
Other resources use other, often unspecified methods. Ultimately, the method used
to encode data is superficial: what matters is that datasets are encoded (
marked-up) and therefore interoperable with one another.
MoEML is a TEI-XML project and therefore uses TEI-compliant XML documents and databases
to power its Geographic Information System (GIS) interface.1 For MoEML, as for other digital editorial projects, the Text Encoding Initiative
(TEI) provides a published set of standards for using the Extensible Markup Language
(XML).2 With these standards in mind, I recommended that MoEML adopt the following TEI-compliant
XML document tree as a template for encoding and geocoding its database of early modern
London books:3
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<!-- Metadata -->
</teiHeader>
<text>
<front>
<docTitle><titlePart type="main">[Database title]</titlePart></docTitle>
</front>
<body>
<listPerson>
<person xml:id="ABCD1" sex="[Insert sex value]">
<!-- Value of @xml:id should be a unique alphanumeric ID. -->
<persName>
<reg>[Surname Forename]</reg>
<forename>[Forename]</forename>
<surname>[Surname]</surname>
</persName>
<occupation code="[Appropriate MARC relator code]" scheme="MARC"></occupation>
<birth when="[ISO date of birth]"/>
<death when="[ISO date of death]"/>
<floruit>
<location notBefore-custom="[ISO date of first book associated with given stationer at given location]" notAfter-custom="[ISO date of last book associated with given stationer at given location]">
<address ref="mol:ABCD1">
<!-- Value of @xml:id should be the MoEML @xml:id for given shop location. -->
<addrLine> [Authoritative description of place] <app>
<lem wit="[Source information of description]"> [Primary source description of shop location] </lem> [Add additional witnesses as needed, each in a new <gi>lem</gi>.] </app>
</addrLine>
</address>
<geo>[Geo-coordinates for shop location]</geo>
<listBibl>
<bibl> [Name of book associated with given stationer at given location] </bibl> [Add additional sources as needed, each in a new <gi>bibl</gi>.] </listBibl>
</location> [Add additional locations as needed, each in a new <gi>location</gi>.] </floruit>
<note>
<p>[Biographical statement for given stationer]</p>
<list type="links">
<item>[Link to further information about given stationer.]</item> [Add additional links to resources as needed, each in a new <gi>item</gi>.] </list>
</note>
</person> [Add additional people as needed, each in a new <gi>person</gi>.] </listPerson>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
<teiHeader>
<!-- Metadata -->
</teiHeader>
<text>
<front>
<docTitle><titlePart type="main">[Database title]</titlePart></docTitle>
</front>
<body>
<listPerson>
<person xml:id="ABCD1" sex="[Insert sex value]">
<!-- Value of @xml:id should be a unique alphanumeric ID. -->
<persName>
<reg>[Surname Forename]</reg>
<forename>[Forename]</forename>
<surname>[Surname]</surname>
</persName>
<occupation code="[Appropriate MARC relator code]" scheme="MARC"></occupation>
<birth when="[ISO date of birth]"/>
<death when="[ISO date of death]"/>
<floruit>
<location notBefore-custom="[ISO date of first book associated with given stationer at given location]" notAfter-custom="[ISO date of last book associated with given stationer at given location]">
<address ref="mol:ABCD1">
<!-- Value of @xml:id should be the MoEML @xml:id for given shop location. -->
<addrLine> [Authoritative description of place] <app>
<lem wit="[Source information of description]"> [Primary source description of shop location] </lem> [Add additional witnesses as needed, each in a new <gi>lem</gi>.] </app>
</addrLine>
</address>
<geo>[Geo-coordinates for shop location]</geo>
<listBibl>
<bibl> [Name of book associated with given stationer at given location] </bibl> [Add additional sources as needed, each in a new <gi>bibl</gi>.] </listBibl>
</location> [Add additional locations as needed, each in a new <gi>location</gi>.] </floruit>
<note>
<p>[Biographical statement for given stationer]</p>
<list type="links">
<item>[Link to further information about given stationer.]</item> [Add additional links to resources as needed, each in a new <gi>item</gi>.] </list>
</note>
</person> [Add additional people as needed, each in a new <gi>person</gi>.] </listPerson>
</body>
</text>
</TEI>
At first glance, it may seem odd that we have chosen to use the
<person>
element as the root element (i.e., the sorting variable) in a so-called geocoded bibliographic database. Indeed, in my previous blog post, I lamented the fact that many bibliographic databases favour queries about stationers or material books over queries about print shops or bookshops. In practice, however, early modern print historians currently lack the raw spatial data required to support a truly geographical database (i.e., a database that primarily supports queries about locations of print activity).4 Before print historians can design a geographical data structure, they must first geo-reference existing data structures. MoEML’s geocoded bibliographic database therefore serves the transitional purpose of geo-referencing existing datasets about early modern stationers and their material books. Accordingly, we have purposefully chosen to imitate the document structure of existing datasets such as the British Book Trade Index (BBTI) and the London Book Trades Database (LBTD) by using the
<person>
as the root element in our database.
Each database entry contains biographical information about an early modern London
stationer. First, we use the
<persName>
, <occupation>
, <birth>
, and <death>
elements to tag the stationers’ names, occupations, dates of birth, and dates of
death respectively. Second, and more importantly, we use the <floruit>
elements to tag information about the stationers’ shop locations and the material
books printed, published, and/or sold there. The data structure, which nests the <person>
, <floruit>
, <location>
, and <listBibl>
elements as //person/floruit/location[@notBefore and @notAfter]/listBibl
, may be expressed as stationer X worked at location Y from date A to date B, where they were associated with a list of books.In this way, the document structure dynamically relates traditional bibliographic data points to new, complex geographic data points.
Significantly, this data structure allows us to encode locations of print activity
in terms of both their toponyms5 and geo-coordinates. Within the
<location>
element, we use the <address>
and <addrLine>
elements to tag an authoritative description of the location. We also use the <geo>
element to tag the location’s longitudinal and latitudinal coordinates. When paired,
these two data types (i.e., toponym and geo-coordinates) bear witness to both the
qualitative and quantitative aspects of geographic information.6Because of the chronological distance between modern print historians and the early
modern London book trade, both a location’s toponyms and its geo-coordinates must
be inferred from primary sources. For early modern print historians, book imprints
serve as primary sources in which the location of a book’s printer and/or bookseller
is often described in toponyms. For example, the imprint on the title page of a 1602 playbook of Shakespeare’s Henry V reads
London : Printed by Thomas Creede, for Thomas Pauier, and are to be sold at his shop in Cornhill, at the signe of the Cat and Parrets neare the Exchange, 1602(STC 22290; my emphasis). Even individual book imprints, however, are not reliable in and of themselves: multiple book imprints that describe the same location will often provide different or contradictory toponymic descriptions. For example, the imprint of a 1608 playbook of A Yorkshire Tragedy describes Thomas Pauier’s bookshop with less precision than the previous playbook:
London : Printed by R[ichard] B[radock] for Thomas Pauier and are to bee sold at his shop on Cornhill, neere to the exchange, 1608(STC 22340; my emphasis). Due to such inconsistencies, book imprints must be regarded as mere textual
witnessesto the objective location of print shops and/or bookshops in time and space. Much like the so-called
literary work,the objective location of an early modern print shop or bookshop is a
form [that] is inaccessible(Williams and Abbott 6) to print historians and therefore can only be
physically embodied(Williams and Abbott 5) in the imprints of material books and their digitization. We therefore use the
<app>
and <lem>
elements to encode each primary-source description of a print shop or bookshop’s
location as a single lemma. When combined, these lemmas aggregate data points that
allow us to approach an authoritative description of the print shop or bookshop’s
location. By using the <app>
and <lem>
elements to record our editorial practices, we are able to encode geographic data
points as transparently and accurately as possible.
While not the only encoding language available to print historians, TEI-XML certainly
provides print historians with an effective way to encode and geocode bibliographic
databases. TEI tagging acknowledges the textuality of the data available to us. In
this blog post, I have showcased how The Map of Early Modern London (MoEML) has used the TEI P5 Guidelines to develop a prototype for a geocoded database of early modern London books. MoEML’s
prototype database serves as a touchstone for pint historians insofar as it demonstrates
how researchers might incorporate and structure spatial data points within a traditional
bibliographic database. By geocoding existing datasets in this way, print historians
may lay the groundwork for new databases that primarily support queries about the
spatiality of the book trade. Of course, such possibilities cannot be realized unless
developers have access to raw spatial data pertaining to books. My next blog post
will discuss how print historians and programmers can work together to harvest and
cross-reference existing datasets to populate a geocoded bibliographic database.
Notes
- Although MoEML does not use a traditional GIS software package, it does meet most
broad definitions of a GIS. For instance, Tor Benhardsen (2008) defines a GIS as
any computer-based capability for the manipulation of geographical data
(Benhardsen 4). (TLG)↑ - For more information about TEI standards and practices, see the TEI P5 Guidelines. (TLG)↑
- See detailed explanation beneath the template. (TLG)↑
- Such data does exist in print sources such as Blayney’s The Bookshops in Paul’s Cross Churchyard (1990) and Pantzer’s appendices in the Short Title Catalogue, v.3 (1991), but it has yet to be transferred into a digitally readable format. (TLG)↑
A place-name; a name given to a person or thing marking its place of origin
(OED toponym n.2.a). (TLG)↑- Martyn Jessop (2008) aptly claims that the qualitative
place name
and the quantitativemap
constitute the two, mutually dependent sides of geographic information (Jessop 41). (TLG)↑
References
-
Citation
Benhardsen, Tor. Geographic Information Systems: An Introduction. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 2002. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Blayney, Peter W. The Bookshops in Paul’s Cross Churchyard. London: Bibliographical Society, 1990. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
British Book Trade Index. Dev. Peter Isaac and Maureen Bell. U of Oxford. Open.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
English Short Title Catalogue. British Library. Subscr.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Jessop, Martyn.The Inhibition of Geographical Information in Digital Humanities Scholarship.
Literary and Linguistic Computing 23.1 (2008): 39–50. doi:10.1093/llc/fqm041.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Oxford English Dictionary. Oxforde UP. https://www.oed.com/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Pantzer, Katherine F., and Philip R. Rider. A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475–1640. Begun by A.W. Pollard and G.R. Redgrave. Vol. 3. London: Bibliographical Society, 1991.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
TEI P5: Guidelines for Electronic Text Encoding and Interchange.
TEI. http://www.tei-c.org/Guidelines/P5/.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Turner, Michael, L., dev. London Book Trades. Oxford Bibliographical Society. http://lbt.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/mediawiki/index.php/Main_Page. -
Citation
Williams, William Proctor, and Craig S. Abbott. An Introduction to Bibliographic and Textual Studies. 4th ed. New York: MLA, 2009.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in BibliographiesThe Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 15 Sep. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm.
Chicago citation
Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in BibliographiesThe Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm.
2020. Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in
Bibliographies In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Landels-Gruenewald, Tye ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in Bibliographies T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/09/15 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/BLOG17.xml ER -
RefWorks
RT Web Page SR Electronic(1) A1 Landels-Gruenewald, Tye A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Georeferencing the Early Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in Bibliographies T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/09/15 RD 2020/09/15 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#LAND2"><surname>Landels-Gruenewald</surname>,
<forename>Tye</forename></name></author>. <title level="a">Georeferencing the Early
Modern London Book Trade: 2. Filling the Space in Bibliographies</title> <title level="m">The
Map of Early Modern London</title>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename>
<surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>,
<date when="2020-09-15">15 Sep. 2020</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/BLOG17.htm</ref>.</bibl>
Personography
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Joey Takeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
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Katie Tanigawa
KT
Project Manager, 2015-2019. Katie Tanigawa was a doctoral candidate at the University of Victoria. Her dissertation focused on representations of poverty in Irish modernist literature. Her additional research interests included geospatial analyses of modernist texts and digital humanities approaches to teaching and analyzing literature.Roles played in the project
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Katie Tanigawa is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tye Landels-Gruenewald
TLG
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.Roles played in the project
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Kim McLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–present. Associate Project Director, 2015–present. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
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Blaine Greteman
BG
Blaine Greteman is an associate professor of English at the University of Iowa, specializing in early modern literature, digital humanities, and nonfiction. In 2013 he published The Poetics and Politics of Youth in the Age of Milton, and he writes regularly for popular publications, including The New Republic.Roles played in the project
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Martin D. Holmes
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Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
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Richard Bradock is mentioned in the following documents:
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Thomas Creede is mentioned in the following documents:
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William Shakespeare is mentioned in the following documents:
William Shakespeare authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Munday, Anthony, Henry Chettle, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Heywood, and William Shakespeare. Sir Thomas More. Ed. Vittorio Gabrieli and Giorgio Melchiori. Revels Plays. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1990. Print.
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Shakespeare, William. All’s Well That Ends Well. Ed. Helen Ostovich. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. Randall Martin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Comedy of Errors. Ed. Matthew Steggle. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The first part of the contention betwixt the two famous houses of Yorke and Lancaster with the death of the good Duke Humphrey: and the banishment and death of the Duke of Suffolke, and the tragicall end of the proud Cardinall of VVinchester, vvith the notable rebellion of Iacke Cade: and the Duke of Yorkes first claime vnto the crowne. London, 1594. STC26099. [Transcription available from Internet Shakespeare Editions. Web.]
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Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part 1. Ed. Rosemary Gaby. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Henry V. Ed. James D. Mardock. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. King Lear. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 1201–54.
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Shakespeare, William. King Richard III. Ed. James R. Siemon. London: Methuen, 2009. The Arden Shakespeare.
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Shakespeare, William. The Life of King Henry the Eighth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 919–64.
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Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 414–54.
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Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Ed. Suzanne Westfall. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Mr. VVilliam Shakespeares comedies, histories, & tragedies Published according to the true originall copies. London, 1623. STC 22273. [Book facsimiles available from Internet Shakespeare Editions. Web.]
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Shakespeare, William. Much Ado About Nothing. Ed. Grechen Minton. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 11 May 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Passionate Pilgrim. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Phoenix and the Turtle. Ed. Hardy M. Cook. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard II. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 740–83.
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Shakespeare, William. Richard the Third (Modern). Ed. Adrian Kiernander. Internet Shakespeare Editions. 6 March 2012. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. The Second Part of King Henry the Sixth. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 552–984.
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Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Ed. Brent Whitted and Paul Yachnin. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. The Complete Works of Shakespeare. Ed. David Bevington. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2004. 966–1004.
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Shakespeare, William. Troilus and Cressida. Ed. W. L. Godshalk. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Twelfth Night. Ed. David Carnegie and Mark Houlahan. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Shakespeare, William. Two Gentlemen of Verona. Ed. Melissa Walter. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
Locations
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London is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cornhill
Cornhill was a significant thoroughfare and was part of the cityʼs main major east-west thoroughfare that divided the northern half of London from the southern half. The part of this thoroughfare named Cornhill extended from St. Andrew Undershaft to the three-way intersection of Threadneedle, Poultry, and Cornhill where the Royal Exchange was built. The nameCornhill
preserves a memory both of the cornmarket that took place in this street, and of the topography of the site upon which the Roman city of Londinium was built.Cornhill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Royal Exchange
Located in Broad Street Ward and Cornhill Ward, the Royal Exchange was opened in 1570 to make business more convenient for merchants and tradesmen (Harben 512). The construction of the Royal Exchange was largely funded by Sir Thomas Gresham (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 718).Royal Exchange is mentioned in the following documents: