Fair Ground
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Fair Ground
The Fair sat
[u]pon [a] portion of the ground now known as Smithfield (that is, smooth field), bordering upon the marsh, great elm trees grew, and it was known as The Elms. The king’s market perhaps was held among the trees; but on the marsh the Priory was founded, around which was held the fair(Morley 9). According to Sugden:
[i]ts frequenters were called [Bartholomew] Birds Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] There was abundant eating and drinking Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] Drums, gingerbread, and ugly dolls were to be bought for children. Puppet-plays were performed, and monsters of all kinds exhibited. Ballad singers plied their trade, and pick-pockets and rogues of all kinds made the Fair a happy hunting ground. Wrestling matches and the chasing of live rabbits by boys formed part of the fun. (Sugden 48)
Morley notes that
[the] beginning of the Bartholomew Fair was a grant from Henry the First to a Monk who had been formerly his Jester; it was that Jester, [Rahere], who founded the Priory of St. Bartholomew, in later times transformed it into a Hospital for the Sick Poor(Morley 1).
In 1133, Henry I
confirmed with his charter and sealthat Rahere‘s church be made
with the same freedoms that [the king’s] crown is libertied with, or any other church in England that is most y-freed; and released it all customs, and declared it for to be free from all earthly service, power, and subjection, and gave sharp sentence against contrary malignants(Morley 14). Included within this was Bartholomew Fair, to which the King granted:
firm peace to all persons coming to and returning from The Fair which is wont to be celebrated in that place at the Feast of St. Bartholomew; and [he] forbid any of the Royal servants to implead any of their persons, or without the consent of the canons, on those three days, to wit, the eve of the feast, the feast itself, and the day following, to levy dues upon those going thither. (Morley 15)
In 1539, Henry VIII enacted The Suppression of Religious Houses Act and
The Priory and Hospital of St. Bartholomew then passed through the king’s hands, and were for ever sundered from each other(Morley 112). In 1544 the king did
[establish] on the old site a new hospital of St. Bartholomew[,]but
[w]hile the [original] Hospital of St. Bartholomew was being thus disposed of, courtiers and others eagerly put forward their requests to purchase houses and lands taken from the several religious bodies; and among these was Sir Richard Rich(Morley 113, 115). Rich purchased
the Priory in West Smithfield, with all that was upon the ground within its enclosure, and all rights thereto pertaining(Morley 116). Morley notes that
the king farther granted to Sir Richard Rich, knight his heirs and assigns ‘all that Our Fair and Markets commonly named and called Bartholomew Fair, holden and to be holden every year within the aforesaid close, called Great St. Bartholomew Close and in West Smithfield aforesaid, to continue yearly for three days(Morley 117-18). The details of said grant, however,
saves all the rights of the city to the Fair outside St. Bartholomew’s enclosure. It gave Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] to the family of Lord Rich the tolls of the Cloth Fair, and of all the part which was contained within the parish of St. Bartholomew the Great(Morley 118).
In 1661, after the Restoration of Charles II, Bartholomew Fair was extended from three days to fourteen days (Morley 240). However,
[i]n 1691, and again in 1694, a reduction to the old term of Three Days was ordered, as a check to vice, and in order that the pleasures of the Fair might not choke up the avenues of traffic(Morley 336). It it further noted that:
In 1697 the Lord Mayor, on Bartholomew’s Day, published an ordinance recorded in the Postman, ‘for the suppression of vicious practices in Bartholomew Fair, as obscene, lascivious, and scandalous plays, comedies, and farces, unlawful games and interludes, drunkenness Gap in transcription. Reason: Editorial omission for reasons of length or relevance. Use only in quotations in born-digital documents.[…] strictly charging all constables and other officers to use their utmost diligence in prosecuting the fame.’ But there was no suppression of the puppet theatres. (Morley 336)
Debates over the length of the fair hit their stride in the early 1700s. The Fair,
at the time, only lasted three days, but calls were made for the Fair to be once again
extended. One predominant argument to maintain the Fair’s three day length, however,
was the fact that
[a]ll charters and writs, from the Reign of Edward the First to this present time, specify a three days’ duration; the one exception being the charter granted by Charles I, but it is argued that this charter implies reference to former grants (Morley 381). Those opposed to a longer fair noted that
the prolonged Fair everybody knows ‘to be a mere Carnival, a season of the utmost Disorder and Debauchery, by reason of the Booths for Drinking, Music, Dancing, Stage-plays, Drolls, Lotteries, Gaming, Raffling, and what not’(Morley 381). In 1708, the Court of Common Council came upon the resolution that the fair should be held for only three days as it is in accordance with the original grant (Morley 384). However, the debate over the length of the Fair continued to be a tumultuous affair.
The fair was ultimately
suppressed [in] 1855 as a nuisance(Harben 50).
Most notably, the Fair is mentioned in Jonson’s Bartholomew Fair. In the introduction of Jonson’s play,
the stagekeeper ridicules the idea of the play: the author, he says, ‘has not hit the humours, he does not know them; he has not conversed with the [Bartholomew] birds, as they say’(Sugden 48). In Middleton’s Roaring Girl,
a usurer is described as one that would flay his father’s skin off ‘and sell it to cover drums for children at [Bartholomew] Fair’(Sugden 48). Samuel Pepys, in his diary, also talks of Bartholomew Fair:
On the 29th of August 1668, Mr Pepys, having found poor entertainment at the playhouse, was dull. ‘So I out, and met my wife in a coach, and stopped her going thither to meet me; and took her and Mercer and Deb. to Bartholomew Fair, and there did see a ridiculous obscene little stage-play, called ‘Marry Audrey,’ a foolish thing, but seen by everybody’(Morley 245).
References
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Citation
Carlin, Martha, and Victor Belcher.Gazetteer to the c.1270 and c.1520 Maps with Historical Notes.
The British Atlas of Historic Towns. Vol. 3. The City of London From Prehistoric Times to c.1520. Ed. Mary D. Lobel and W.H. Johns. Oxford: Oxford UP in conjunction with The Historic Towns Trust, 1989. Print. [Also available online at British Historic Towns Atlas. Gazetteer part 1. Gazetteer part 2. Gazetteer part 3.]This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Harben, Henry A. A Dictionary of London. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1918.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Morley, Henry. Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair. London: Bradbury and Evans, 1859. Print.This item is cited in the following documents:
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Citation
Sugden, Edward. A Topographical Dictionary to the Works of Shakespeare and His Fellow Dramatists. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1925. Remediated by Internet Archive.This item is cited in the following documents:
Cite this page
MLA citation
Fair Ground.The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 15 Sep. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm. Draft.
Chicago citation
Fair Ground.The Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed September 15, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm. Draft.
APA citation
2020. Fair Ground. In The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm. Draft.
(Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Fair Ground T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/09/15 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/FAIR6.xml TY - UNP ER -
RefWorks
RT Unpublished Material SR Electronic(1) A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Fair Ground T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/09/15 RD 2020/09/15 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"> <title level="a">Fair Ground</title>. <title level="m">The Map of
Early Modern London</title>, edited by <editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename>
<surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>, <publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>,
<date when="2020-09-15">15 Sep. 2020</date>, <ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/FAIR6.htm</ref>.
Draft.</bibl>
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Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
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Charles II
Charles This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 2II King of England King of Scotland King of Ireland
(b. 1630, d. 1685)King of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1660-1665.Charles II is mentioned in the following documents:
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Edward I
Edward This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 1I King of England Longshanks Hammer of the Scots
(b. between 17 June 1239 and 18 June 1239, d. in or before 27 October 1307)Edward I is mentioned in the following documents:
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Henry VIII
Henry This numeral is a Roman numeral. The Arabic equivalent is 8VIII King of England King of Ireland
(b. 28 June 1491, d. 28 January 1547)King of England and Ireland 1509-1547.Henry VIII is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ben Jonson is mentioned in the following documents:
Ben Jonson authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Chapman, George, Ben Jonson, and John Marston. Eastward Ho! Ed. R.W. Van Fossen. New York: Manchester UP, 1999. Print.
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Dekker, Thomas, Stephen Harrison, Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton. The Whole Royal and Magnificent Entertainment of King James through the City of London, 15 March 1604, with the Arches of Triumph. Ed. R. Malcolm Smuts. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 219–79.
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Gifford, William, ed. The Works of Ben Jonson. By Ben Jonson. Vol. 1. London: Nichol, 1816. Remediated by Internet Archive.
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Jonson, Ben. The Alchemist. London: New Mermaids, 1991. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Bartholomew Fair. Ed. E.A. Horsman. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1979. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Bartholomew Fair. Ed. Suzanne Gossett, based on The Revels Plays edition ed. E.A. Horsman. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2000. Revels Student Editions. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. B. Ion: his part of King Iames his royall and magnificent entertainement through his honorable cittie of London, Thurseday the 15. of March. 1603 so much as was presented in the first and last of their triumphall arch’s. London, 1604. STC 14756. EEBO.
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Jonson, Ben. The Complete Poetry of Ben Jonson. Ed. William B. Hunter. Stuart Edtions. New York: New YorkUP, 1963.
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Jonson, Ben. The Devil is an Ass. Ed. Peter Happé. Manchester and New York: Manchester UP, 1996. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Epicene. Ed. Richard Dutton. Revels Plays. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2004. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. Every Man Out of His Humour. Ed. Helen Ostovich. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2001. Print.
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Jonson, Ben. The First, of Blacknesse, Personated at the Court, at White-hall, on the Twelfth Night, 1605. The Characters of Two Royall Masques: The One of Blacknesse, the Other of Beautie. Personated by the Most Magnificent of Queenes Anne Queene of Great Britaine, &c. with her Honorable Ladyes, 1605 and 1608 at White-hall. London : For Thomas Thorp, and are to be Sold at the Signe of the Tigers Head in Paules Church-yard, 1608. Sig. A3r-C2r. STC 14761. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. Oberon, The Faery Prince. The Workes of Benjamin Jonson. Vol. 1. London: Will Stansby, 1616. Sig. 4N2r-2N6r. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. The Staple of Newes. The Works. Vol. 2. London: Printed by I.B. for Robert Allot, 1631. Sig. 2A1r-2J2v. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Jonson, Ben. The Staple of News. Ed. Anthony Parr. Manchester; New York: Manchester UP, 1999. Revels Plays. Print.
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Jonson, Ben.
To Penshurst.
The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt, Carol T. Christ, Alfred David, Barbara K. Lewalski, Lawrence Lipking, George M. Logan, Deidre Shauna Lynch, Katharine Eisaman Maus, James Noggle, Jahan Ramazani, Catherine Robson, James Simpson, Jon Stallworthy, Jack Stillinger, and M. H. Abrams. 9th ed. Vol. B. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2012. 1547. -
Jonson, Ben. The vvorkes of Beniamin Ionson. Containing these playes, viz. 1 Bartholomew Fayre. 2 The staple of newes. 3 The Divell is an asse. London, 1641. EEBO. Reprint. Subscr. STC 14754.
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Thomas Middleton is mentioned in the following documents:
Thomas Middleton authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Brissenden, Alan.
Introduction.
A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. By Thomas Middleton. 2nd ed. New Mermaids. London: A&C Black; New York: Norton, 2002. xi–xxxv. Print. -
Dekker, Thomas, Stephen Harrison, Ben Jonson, and Thomas Middleton. The Whole Royal and Magnificent Entertainment of King James through the City of London, 15 March 1604, with the Arches of Triumph. Ed. R. Malcolm Smuts. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 219–79.
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Middleton, Thomas, and Thomas Dekker. The Roaring Girl. Ed. Paul A. Mulholland. Revels Plays. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1987. Print.
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Middleton, Thomas. A Chaste Maid in Cheapside. Ed. Alan Brissenden. 2nd ed. New Mermaids. London: Benn, 2002.
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Middleton, Thomas. Civitatis Amor. Ed. David Bergeron. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 1202–8.
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Honour and Industry. London: Printed by Nicholas Okes, 1617. STC 17899. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Integrity. Ed. David Bergeron. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Gen. ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. 1766–1771.
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Love and Antiquity. London: Printed by Nicholas Okes, 1619. STC 17902. Reprint. EEBO. Web.
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Truth. London, 1613. Ed. David M. Bergeron. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. Ed. Gary Taylor and John Lavagnino. Oxford: Clarendon, 2007. 968–76.
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Truth. London, 1613. STC 17903. Reprint. EEBO. Web.[Differs from STC 17904 in that it does not contain the additional entertainment.]
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Middleton, Thomas. The Triumphs of Truth. London, 1613. STC 17904. Reprint. EEBO. Web. [Differs from STC 17903 in that it contains an additional entertainment celebrating Hugh Middleton’s New River project, known as the Entertainment at Amwell Head.]
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Middleton, Thomas. The Works of Thomas Middleton, now First Collected with Some Account of the Author and notes by The Reverend Alexander Dyce. Ed. Alexander Dyce. London: E. Lumley, 1840. Print.
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Taylor, Gary, and John Lavagnino, eds. Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works. By Thomas Middleton. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007. The Oxford Middleton. Print.
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Samuel Pepys is mentioned in the following documents:
Samuel Pepys authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: A New and Complete Transcription. Ed. Robert Latham and William Matthews. 11 vols. Berkeley : U of California P, 1970–1983.
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Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Daily Entries from the 17th Century London Diary. Dev. Phil Gyford. http://www.pepysdiary.com/.
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Richard Rich
(b. 1496, d. 1567)First Baron Rich and Speaker of the House of Commons. Lord Chancellor of England 1547–1552. Founder of Felsted School. Buried at St. Laurence, Jewry.Richard Rich is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mr. Rahere
Rahere
(fl. 1123)Founder of St. Bartholomew’s Priory. Buried at St. Bartholomew’s Priory.Mr. Rahere is mentioned in the following documents:
Locations
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Smithfield
Smithfield was an open, grassy area located outside the Wall. Because of its location close to the city centre, Smithfield was used as a site for markets, tournaments, and public executions. From 1123 to 1855, the Bartholomew’s Fair took place at Smithfield (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 842).Smithfield is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Bartolomew’s Priory
A priory of Augustinian canons once encompassing St. Bartholomew the Great, St. Bartholomew the Less, and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Dissolved by Henry VIII.St. Bartolomew’s Priory is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Bartholomew’s Hospital is mentioned in the following documents:
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West Smithfield is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Bartholomew the Great is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cloth Fair
Cloth Fair, as implied by its name, bears an innate connection to London’s mercantile culture. Henry A. Harben notes that it[d]erives its name from the clothiers and drapers who inhabited it in former times, and attended the famous Bartholomew Fair
(Harben 154). The location itself was on the Fair Ground between Long Lane and St. Bartholomew the Great.Cloth Fair is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Bartholomew the Great (Parish) is mentioned in the following documents:
Variant spellings
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Documents using the spelling
Fair Ground