Streets
Streets in early modern London.
References
-
, , , and .
The Survey of London (1633): Castle Baynard Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1633_CAST2.htm. -
, and .
Survey of London: Queenhithe Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1598_QUEE3.htm. -
, , , and .
The Survey of London (1633): Dowgate Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1633_DOWN1.htm. -
, and .
Survey of London: Dowgate Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1598_DOWN1.htm. -
, , , and .
The Survey of London (1633): Portsoken Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1633_PORT1.htm. -
, and .
Survey of London: Farringdon Ward Without.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1598_FARR2.htm. -
, and .
Survey of London: Title Page.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1598_titlePage.htm. -
, and .
Survey of London: Cordwainer Street Ward.
The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/stow_1598_CORD1.htm.
Cite this page
MLA citation
Streets in early modern London.The Map of Early Modern London, edited by , U of Victoria, 26 Jun. 2020, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm.
Chicago citation
Streets in early modern London.The Map of Early Modern London. Ed. . Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed June 26, 2020. https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm.
APA citation
The Map of Early Modern London. Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm.
, & 2020. Streets in early modern London. In (Ed), RIS file (for RefMan, EndNote etc.)
Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - The MoEML Team A1 - Holmes, Martin ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Streets in early modern London. T2 - The Map of Early Modern London PY - 2020 DA - 2020/06/26 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/xml/standalone/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.xml ER -
RefWorks
RT Web Page SR Electronic(1) A1 The MoEML Team A1 Holmes, Martin A6 Jenstad, Janelle T1 Streets in early modern London. T2 The Map of Early Modern London WP 2020 FD 2020/06/26 RD 2020/06/26 PP Victoria PB University of Victoria LA English OL English LK https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm
TEI citation
<bibl type="mla"><author><name ref="#TEAM1" type="org">The MoEML Team</name></author>,
and <author><name ref="#HOLM3"><forename>Martin</forename> <forename>D.</forename>
<surname>Holmes</surname></name></author>. <title level="a">Streets in early modern
London.</title> <title level="m">The Map of Early Modern London</title>, edited by
<editor><name ref="#JENS1"><forename>Janelle</forename> <surname>Jenstad</surname></name></editor>,
<publisher>U of Victoria</publisher>, <date when="2020-06-26">26 Jun. 2020</date>,
<ref target="https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm">mapoflondon.uvic.ca/mdtEncyclopediaLocationStreet.htm</ref>.</bibl>
Personography
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Joey Takeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.Roles played in the project
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Kim McLean-Fiander
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Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–present. Associate Project Director, 2015–present. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).Roles played in the project
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Janelle Jenstad authored or edited the following items in MoEML’s bibliography:
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Jenstad, Janelle.
Building a Gazetteer for Early Modern London, 1550-1650.
Placing Names. Ed. Merrick Lex Berman, Ruth Mostern, and Humphrey Southall. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2016. 129-145. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Burse and the Merchant’s Purse: Coin, Credit, and the Nation in Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody.
The Elizabethan Theatre XV. Ed. C.E. McGee and A.L. Magnusson. Toronto: P.D. Meany, 2002. 181–202. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Early Modern Literary Studies 8.2 (2002): 5.1–26..The City Cannot Hold You
: Social Conversion in the Goldsmith’s Shop. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
The Silver Society Journal 10 (1998): 40–43.The Gouldesmythes Storehowse
: Early Evidence for Specialisation. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Lying-in Like a Countess: The Lisle Letters, the Cecil Family, and A Chaste Maid in Cheapside.
Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 34 (2004): 373–403. doi:10.1215/10829636–34–2–373. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Public Glory, Private Gilt: The Goldsmiths’ Company and the Spectacle of Punishment.
Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society. Ed. Anne Goldgar and Robert Frost. Leiden: Brill, 2004. 191–217. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Smock Secrets: Birth and Women’s Mysteries on the Early Modern Stage.
Performing Maternity in Early Modern England. Ed. Katherine Moncrief and Kathryn McPherson. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 87–99. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Using Early Modern Maps in Literary Studies: Views and Caveats from London.
GeoHumanities: Art, History, Text at the Edge of Place. Ed. Michael Dear, James Ketchum, Sarah Luria, and Doug Richardson. London: Routledge, 2011. Print. -
Jenstad, Janelle.
Versioning John Stow’s A Survey of London, or, What’s New in 1618 and 1633?.
Janelle Jenstad Blog. https://janellejenstad.com/2013/03/20/versioning-john-stows-a-survey-of-london-or-whats-new-in-1618-and-1633/. -
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Internet Shakespeare Editions. Open.
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Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Ed. Janelle Jenstad and the MoEML Team. MoEML. Transcribed. Web.
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Martin D. Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.Roles played in the project
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Locations
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Abchurch Lane
Abchurch Lane runs north-south from Lombard Street to Candlewick (Cannon) Street. The Agas Map labels itAbchurche lane.
It lies mainly in Candlewick Street Ward, but part of it serves as the boundary between Langbourne Ward and Candlewick Street Ward.Abchurch Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Addle Hill
Addle Hill or Athelyngstrete ran north from Knightrider Street up to Carter Lane (Stow 404). Stow records it running from Carter Lane to Knightrider Street but, as Carlin and Belcher note, it was extended south of Thames Street by 1250 (Stow, Carlin and Belcher Athelyngstrete). Stow may have recorded Addle Hill this way to distinguish between the raised and level portions of the street(Stow 404). It is labelledAddle Hill
on the Agas Map. Carlin and Belcher’s 1520 map labels the streetAthelyngstrete
(Carlin and Belcher Athelyngstrete). The southern portion of the street was destroyed to allow the formation of Queen Victoria Street in the 19th century (Harben Addle Hill). There is still anAddle Hill
in London at the same location though it has been significantly reduced in length.Addle Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Addle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Adwych Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Aldermanbury
Aldermanbury ran north-south, between Lad Lane in the south and Love Lane in the north and parallel between Wood Street in the west and Basinghall Street in the east. It lay wholly in Cripplegate Ward.Aldermanbury is mentioned in the following documents:
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Aldersgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Aldgate Street
Aldgate Street ran slightly south-west from Aldgate until it reached a pump, formerly a sweet well. At that point, the street forked into two streets. The northern branch, called Aldgate Street, ran west until it ran into Cornhill at Lime Street. At an earlier point in history, Cornhill seems to have extended east past Lime Street because the church of St. Andrew Undershaft was called St. Andrew upon Cornhill (Harben 10).Aldgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Anchor Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Angel Alley
Not to be confused with Hartshorn Alley, which is also known by the nameAngel Alley.
Angel Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Angel Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ave Maria Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Back Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ball Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ballardes Lane
Ballardes Lane is marked on the 1520 map as branching off of Chancery Lane. Carlin and Belcher note that the street is now (i.e., 1989) known asCarey Street,
as it is still called today (Carlin and Belcher). According to Harben, the first mention of thisCarey Street
is from 1708 (Harben). This street, therefore, is not to be confused with Carey Lane.Ballardes Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bankside
Bankside ran along the south bank of the Thames from Winchester house to the place where Blackfriars Bridge would later be built. Described by Weinreb asredolent of squalor and vice,
the nameBankside
became associated with the district consisting mainly of brothels, bear baiting arenas, and warehouses within the street’s proximity (Weinreb 39).Bankside is mentioned in the following documents:
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Barbican
Barbican was a historically significant street that ran east-west, connecting Aldersgate Street in the west with Redcross Street and Golden Lane in the east. Barbican wasmore then halfe
contained by Cripplegate Ward, with the rest lying within Aldersgate Ward (Stow 1:291). The street is labeled on the Agas map asBarbican.
Barbican is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bartholomew Lane
Bartholomew Lane was in Broad Street Ward and ran north-south from the junction of Throgmorton Street and Lothbury to Threadneedle Street. Bartholomew Lane is visible on the Agas map running southeast on the west side of St. Batholomew by the Exchange. It is labelledbar eelmew la.
Stow was the first to record the street as Bartholomew Lane in the 1598 edition of A Survey.Bartholomew Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bartholomew’s Lane (West Smithfield)
Bartholomew’s Lane (West Smithfield) is listed in Carlin and Belcher and is marked on the corresponding 1520 map (Carlin and Belcher). On that map, it runs along the south side of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. It is neither marked on the Agas map nor mentioned by Stow.Bartholomew’s Lane (West Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Basing Lane
Basing Lane ran west from Bow Lane to Bread Street. The part from Bow Lane to the back door of the Red Lion (in Watling Street) lay in Cordwainer Street Ward, and the rest in Breadstreet Ward. Stow did not know the derivation of the street’s name, but suggested it had been called the Bakehouse in the fourteenth century,whether ment for the Kings bakehouse, or of bakers dwelling there, and baking bread to serue the market in Bredstreete, where the bread was sold, I know not
(Stow).Basing Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Basinghall Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bassishaw Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bearbinder Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Beech Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Beer Lane
Beer Lane ran north-south from Tower Street to Thames Street in Tower Street Ward. Stow notes that Beer Lane includedmany faire houses.
Beer Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bell Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bell Yard (Temple Bar)
Bell Yard, Temple Bar ran north-south between Fleet Street in the south and what is now Carey Street in the north. It was to the north of Temple Church and Temple Bar, to the west of St. Dunstan in the West, and to the east of St. Clement Danes. According to Harben, the namederived from the tenement called
(65).le Belle
Bell Yard (Temple Bar) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bennet’s Hill
Also known as Paul’s Wharf Hill. Named for the church of St. Benet, Paul’s Wharf.Bennet’s Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bermondsey Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Berry Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Berwardes Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bevis Marks (Street)
Bevis Marks was a street south of the City Wall that ran east-west from Shoemaker Row to the north end of St. Mary Axe Street. It was in Aldgate Ward. Bevis Marks was continued by Duke’s Place.Bevis Marks (Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Billingsgate Street
As noted by Ekwall,[t]he name Thames Street was applied to the whole length of the street, but there were several alternative names for sections of it
(Ekwall 28)—one of which is Billingsgate Street, in Billingsgate Ward, also sometimes referred to as ‘Vicus de Billingsgate’ (Ekwall 28).Billingsgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Billiter Lane
Billiter Lane ran north-west from Fenchurch to Leadenhall, entirely in Aldgate Ward. Nearby landmarks included Blanch Appleton facing the opening of Billiter Lane on the south side of Fenchurch and Ironmongers’ Hall to the west of Billiter Lane on the north side of Fenchurch. Nearby churches were St. Catherine Cree on Leadenhall and All Hallows Staining adjacent to the Clothworkers’ Hall) and St. Katharine Coleman on Fenchurch. On the Agas map, Billiter Lane is labelledBylleter la.
Billiter Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Birchin Lane
Birchin Lane was a short street running north-south between Cornhill Street and Lombard Street. The north end of Birchin Lane lay in Cornhill Ward, and the south end in Langbourne Ward.Birchin Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bishopsgate Street
Bishopsgate Street ran north from Cornhill Street to the southern end of Shoreditch Street at the city boundary. South of Cornhill, the road became Gracechurch Street, and the two streets formed a major north-south artery in the eastern end of the walled city of London, from London Bridge to Shoreditch. Important sites included: Bethlehem Hospital, a mental hospital, and Bull Inn, a place where plays were performedbefore Shakespeare’s time
(Weinreb and Hibbert 67).Bishopsgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Black Eagle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Black Horse Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bladder Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bordhaw Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Boss Alley (Billingsgate)
Boss Alley (Billingsgate) is not labelled on the Agas map, but an unmarked alley is visible on the Agas map in the place corresponding to Stow’s account and to the alley’s location on the 1520 map. Like Boss Alley (Queenhithe), it is named after a nearby water boss (Stow 294).Boss Alley (Billingsgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Boss Alley (Queenhithe) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Botolph Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Botolph Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bow Lane
Bow Lane ran north-south between Cheapside and Old Fish Street in the ward of Cordwainer Street. At Watling Street, it became Cordwainer Street, and at Old Fish Street it became Garlick Hill. Garlick Hill-Bow Lane was built in the 890s to provide access from the port of Queenhithe to the great market of Cheapside (Sheppard 70–71).Bow Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bowyer Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bread Street
Bread Street ran north-south from the Standard in Cheapside to Knightrider Street, crossing Watling Street. It lay wholly in the ward of Bread Street, to which it gave its name.Bread Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bread Street Hill
Bread Street Hill ran north-south between Old Fish Street and Thames Street. The label for this street on the Agas Map readsBread ſtreat,
but we know from Stow that Bread Street Hill falls betweenHuggen lane
andS. Mary Mounthaunt
(St. Mary Mounthaunt is another name for Old Fish Street Hill) (2.1).Bread Street Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bretaske Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bride Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bristol Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Broad Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Broad Street
Broad Street ran north-south from All Hallows, London Wall to Threadneedle Street andto a Pumpe ouer against Saint Bennets church
(Stow). Broad Street, labelledBrode Streat
on the Agas map, was entirely in Broad Street Ward. The street’s name was a reference to its width and importance (Harben).Broad Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Brown’s Alley
Located east of Minories Street and later renamed Peacock Place or Court (Harben 466), Brown’s Alley is not featured on the Agas map.Brown’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bucklersbury is mentioned in the following documents:
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Budge Row
Budge Row ran east-west through Cordwainer Street ward. It passed through the ward from Soper Lane in the west to Walbrook in the east. Beyond Soper Lane, Budge Row became Watling Street. Before it came to be known as Budge Row, it once formed part of Watling Street, one of the Roman roads (Weinreb and Hibbert 107).Budge Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bull and Mouth Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bury Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Bush Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Butcher Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Butchers’ Alley
Butchers’ Alley ran parallel to Pentecost Lane to the Butchers’ Hall on the east side of Christ Church. It is not labelled on the Agas map.Butchers’ Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Camomile Street (Lime Street Ward)
Camomile Street lay south of the city wall from Bevis Marks to Bishopsgate Street. Camomile Street is the seventeenth century name for a street that was nameless when Stow wrote his Survey of London. Stow merely calls itthe streete which runneth by the north ende of saint Marie streete.
Camomile Street (Lime Street Ward) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Campion Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Candlewick Street
Candlewick, or Candlewright Street as it was sometimes called, ran east-west from Walbrook in the west to the beginning of Eastcheap at its eastern terminus. Candlewick became Eastcheap somewhere around St. Clements Lane, and led into a great meat market (Stow 1 :217). Together with streets such as Budge Row, Watling Street, and Tower Street, which all joined into each other, Candlewick formed the main east-west road through London between Ludgate and Posterngate.Candlewick Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Carey Lane
Carey Lane ran east-west, connecting Gutter Lane in the east and Foster Lane in the west. It ran parallel between Maiden Lane in the north and Cheapside in the south. The Agas Map labels itKerie la.
Carey Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Carter Lane
Carter Lane ran east-west between Creed Lane in the west, past Paul’s Chain, to Old Change in the East. It ran parallel to St. Paul’s Churchyard in the north and Knightrider Street in the south. It lay within Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Ward Within. It is labelled asCarter lane
on the Agas map.Carter Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Carter Lane (Dowgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Castle Alley
The Agas map labels this small streetCastell hill.
In The A to Z of Elizabethan London, Prockter and Taylor label this streetCastle Alley
(21). There does not seem to be any information in Stow about this hill or alley. Stow does talk about a Castle Lane further west, between the Blackfriars and the Thames, near the Fleet River.Castle Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Castle Alley
Castle Alley was a small passage that ran north-south along the western side of the Royal Exchange, connecting Threadneedle street and Cornhill. It crossed the boundary lines of Cornhill and Broad Street wards, and was named for the sign of the Castle Tavern (Stow).Castle Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cateaton Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Catherine Wheel Alley
Catherine Wheel Alley ran west from Bishopsgate Street without the Wall. The alley derived its name from the nearby Catherine Wheel Inn (Harben 131).Catherine Wheel Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Chancery Lane
Chancery Lane was built sometime around 1160 by the Knights Templar on land they owned. It ran north-south between Fleet Street at the south end to Holborn in the North, and was originally called New Street. The current name dates from the time of Ralph Neville, who was Bishop of Chichester and Lord Chancellor of England (Bebbington 78). The area around the street came into his possession whenin 1227 Henry III gave him land for a palace in this lane: hence Bishop’s Court and Chichester Rents, small turnings out of Chancery Lane
(Bebbington 78).Chancery Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Charterhouse Lane
Charterhouse Lane was a narrow road that ran north-south between the London Charterhouse and St. John’s Street. The street earned its name due to its proximity to the London Charterhouse, which housed Carthusian monks. Following the dissolution of London monasteries between 1536 and 1541, Charterhouse Lane became a well known and documented site of poverty, crime, and drinking. After a series of demolitions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Charterhouse Lane was restructured as part of the modern-day Charterhouse Street.Charterhouse Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cheapside Street
Cheapside, one of the most important streets in early modern London, ran east-west between the Great Conduit at the foot of Old Jewry to the Little Conduit by St. Paul’s churchyard. The terminus of all the northbound streets from the river, the broad expanse of Cheapside separated the northern wards from the southern wards. It was lined with buildings three, four, and even five stories tall, whose shopfronts were open to the light and set out with attractive displays of luxury commodities (Weinreb and Hibbert 148). Cheapside was the centre of London’s wealth, with many mercers’ and goldsmiths’ shops located there. It was also the most sacred stretch of the processional route, being traced both by the linear east-west route of a royal entry and by the circular route of the annual mayoral procession.Cheapside Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Chick Lane (Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Chick Lane (Tower Street Ward)
Chick Lane ran north-south from Tower Hill into Tower Street. Stow confirms that it ranon the east of Barking church.
It is likely that Chick Lane also featured thediuers houses lately builded, and other incrochmentes
found directly above the lane on the west side of Tower Hill (Stow).Chick Lane (Tower Street Ward) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Chiswell Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Church Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Church Lane (All Hallows) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Church Lane (Tower Street Ward)
Church Lane was a semi-circular lane that wrapped around the south side of the parish church of St. Dunstan in the East, in Tower Street Ward. Both ends of Church Lane led south off Tower Street.Church Lane (Tower Street Ward) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Church Lane (Vintry Ward) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Clerkenwell Road is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cloak Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cock Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cockpit Alley (Pitt Court)
Cockpit Alley, later called Pitt Court, was one of a series of narrow alleys that ran southwest to northeast between Drury Lane in the west and Great Wild Street (now just Wild Street) in the east. It took its name from the Cockpit Theatre which was located in the alley or very nearby. It is not labelled in the Agas Map, but appears clearly on the Rocque map of 1746.Cockpit Alley (Pitt Court) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Colchester Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Coldharbour Lane
Coldharbour Lane, or Colderherburghlane, ran south from Thames Street to Coldharbour on the east side of All Hallows the Less (Historical Towns Trust).Coldharbour Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Coleman Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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College Hill
College Hill was located on the boundary between Vintry Ward and Dowgate Ward. It is visible on the Agas map and marked asWhythyngton College.
College Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Conyhope Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cordwainer Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cornhill
Cornhill was a significant thoroughfare and was part of the cityʼs main major east-west thoroughfare that divided the northern half of London from the southern half. The part of this thoroughfare named Cornhill extended from St. Andrew Undershaft to the three-way intersection of Threadneedle, Poultry, and Cornhill where the Royal Exchange was built. The nameCornhill
preserves a memory both of the cornmarket that took place in this street, and of the topography of the site upon which the Roman city of Londinium was built.Cornhill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cousin Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cow Bridge (Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cow Cross Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cow Lane
Cow Lane, located in the Ward of Farringdon Without, began at Holborn Street, and then curved north and east to West Smithfield. Smithfield was a meat market, so the street likely got its name because cows were led through it to market (Bebbington 100). Just as Ironmonger Lane and Milk Street in Cheapside market were named for the goods located there, these streets leading into Smithfield meat market were named for the animals that could be bought there.Cow Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Creechurch Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Creed Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Crockers Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Crokehorne Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Crooked Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Crutched Friars
Crutched Friars was a street that ran east-west from Poor Jewry Lane to the east end of Hart Street above Seething Lane. When Stow wrote, most of Crutched Friars was known as Hart Street, so Stow only uses the name Crutched Friars to refer to Crutched Friars Priory (Harben). Since Stow does not name the street that ran from Aldgate to Woodroffe Lane, it could have been known as Hart Street, Crutched Friars, or something different.Crutched Friars is mentioned in the following documents:
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Culver Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Curriers Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Cursitors Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Curtain Road is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dark Lane
Dark lane was a small street that was located just north of Queenhithe and was connected to Timberhithe Street.Dark Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dead Man’s Place is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dean Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Desborne Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dicers Lane (Newgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Distaff Lane
Distaff Lane was in Bread Street Ward. There is some discrepancy between the Agas Map and the information in Stow. On the Agas Map, Distaff Lane (labelledDiſtaf la.
) appears to run south off Maiden Lane, terminating before it reaches Knightrider Street. Stow tells us, in his delineation of the bounds of Bread Street Ward, that Distaff Lanerunneth downe to Knightriders street, or olde Fishstreete
(1.345). Our map truncates Distaff Lane before Knightrider Street.Distaff Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Do Little Lane
Do Little Lane was a small lane that ran north-south between Carter Lane in the north and Knightrider Street in the south. It ran parallel between Sermon Lane in the west and Old Change Street in the east. It lay within Castle Baynard Ward. It is labelled asDo lytle la.
on the Agas map.Do Little Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dorset Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Dowgate Street
Dowgate Street is a high street that runs north-south from Candlewick Street to the Thames. According to Stow, the street marks the beginning of Dowgate Ward at the south end of Walbrook Ward (Stow 248). According to Harben, the street is named afterDowgate
(Harben Dowgate Hill). According to Stow, the street got its name from the act ofdowne going or descending,
because the street descends to the Thames (Stow 248).Dowgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Drury Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Duke’s Wardrobe is mentioned in the following documents:
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Duklane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Eagle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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East Harding Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Eastcheap
Eastcheap Street ran east-west, from Tower Street to St. Martin’s Lane. West of New Fish Street/Gracechurch Street, Eastcheap was known asGreat Eastcheap.
The portion of the street to the east of New Fish Street/Gracechurch Street was known asLittle Eastcheap.
Eastcheap (Eschepe or Excheapp) was the site of a medieval food market.Eastcheap is mentioned in the following documents:
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Elbow Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Emperor’s Head Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Exchange Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fashion Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fell Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fenchurch Street
Fenchurch Street (often called Fennieabout) ran east-west from the pump on Aldgate High Street to Gracechurch Street in Langbourne Ward, crossing Mark Lane, Mincing Lane, and Rodd Lane along the way. Fenchurch Street was home to several famous landmarks, including the King’s Head Tavern, where the then-Princess Elizabeth is said to have partaken inpork and peas
after her sister, Mary I, released her from the Tower of London in May of 1554 (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 288). Fenchurch Street was on the royal processional route through the city, toured by monarchs on the day before their coronations.Fenchurch Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fetter Lane
Fetter Lane ran north-south between Holborn Street and Fleet Street, in the ward of Farringdon Without, past the east side of the church of Saint Dunstan’s in the West. Stow consistently calls this streetFewtars Lane,
Fewter Lane,
orFewters Lane
(2:21, 2:22), and claimed that it wasso called of Fewters (or idle people) lying there
(2:39).Fetter Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Finch Lane
Finch Lane (labelledFinke la.
on the Agas map) was a small north-south lane that ran between Threadneedle Street and Cornhill. The north half of the lane was in Broadstreet Ward and the latter half was in Cornhill Ward. It is likely that the lane is named after Robert Finke and his family (son Robert Finke and relatives James and Rosamund).Finch Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Finimore Lane
Finimore Lane ran east-west between Old Fish Street Hill and Bread Street Hill in Queenhithe Ward. The lane is not visible on the Agas Map, but we have marked it running just south of St. Nicholas Olave church based on evidence from Stow.Finimore Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Finsbury Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet Hill or Ludgate Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fleet Street
Fleet Street runs east-west from Temple Bar to Fleet Hill (Ludgate Hill), and is named for the Fleet River. The road has existed since at least the 12th century (Sugden 195) and known since the 14th century as Fleet Street (Beresford 26). It was the location of numerous taverns including the Mitre and the Star and the Ram.Fleet Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Flower and Dean Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fore Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Foster Lane
Foster Lane ran north-south between Cheapside in the south and Oat Lane in the north. It crossed Lily Pot Lane, St. Anne’s Lane, Maiden Lane, and Carey Lane. It sat between St. Martin’s Lane to the west and Gutter Lane to the east. Foster Lane is drawn on the Agas Map in the correct position, labelled asForster Lane.
Foster Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fowle Lane (Southwark) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fowle Lane (Tower Street Ward) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Friday Street
Friday Street passed south through Bread Street Ward, beginning at the cross in Cheapside and ending at Old Fish Street. It was one of many streets that ran into Cheapside market whose name is believed to originate from the goods that were sold there.Friday Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Frogwell Court is mentioned in the following documents:
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Fryer Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Garlick Hill
Garlick Hill ran north from the Thames. Before it reached Cheapside, it became Bow Lane. The nameGarlick Hill
preserves a memory of the steep incline (now partially flattened) leading away from the river. Like Bread Street, Garlick Hill was built in the ninth century; it provided access from the haven of Queenhithe (just to the west of Garlick Hill) to the main market street of Cheapside.Garlick Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gayspur Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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George Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Giltspur Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Golden Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Goldsmiths’ Row
Goldsmiths’ Row was a section on the south side of Cheapside, by Cheapside Cross. Goldsmiths’ Row and the shops and homes of other wealthy merchants made the street an elite and attractive one.Goldsmiths’ Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Goose Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Goswell Road is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gracechurch Street
Gracechurch Street ran north-south from Cornhill Street near Leadenhall Market to the bridge. At the southern end, it was calledNew Fish Street.
North of Cornhill, Gracechurch continued as Bishopsgate Street, leading through Bishop’s Gate out of the walled city into the suburb of Shoreditch.Gracechurch Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Grantam Lane
Running parallel to Dowgate, Grantam Lane spanned north to south from Thames Street to the Thames. Stow notes a prominent brewery in the lane (Stow 183). By 1677, it came to be known asBrewer’s Lane
(Harben).Grantam Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gravel Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gray’s Inn Road is mentioned in the following documents:
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Great Ormond Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Great Pearl Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Great St. Helen’s Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Great St. Thomas Apostles is mentioned in the following documents:
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Great Wild Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Greenwich Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Grub Street
Grub Street could be found outside the walled city of London. It ran north-south, between Everades Well Street in the north and Fore Lane in the south. Grub Street was partially in Cripplegate ward, and partially outside the limits of the city of London.Grub Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gunpowder Alley (John Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Gutter Lane
Gutter Lane ran north-south from Cheapside to Maiden Lane. It is to the west of Wood Street and to the east of Foster Lane, lying within the north-eastern most area of Farringdon Ward Within and serving as a boundary to Aldersgate ward. It is labelled asGoutter Lane
on the Agas map.Gutter Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Half Moon Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hand Alley (Houndsditch)
Located southwest of Houndsditch in Portsoken Ward (Harben 289), Hand Alley is not featured on the Agas map.Hand Alley (Houndsditch) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hanging Sword Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hanging Sword Court is mentioned in the following documents:
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Harbour Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Harp Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hart Street
Hart Street ran east-west from Crutched Fryers and the north end of Seething Lane to Mark Lane. In Stow’s time, the street began much further east, running from the north end of Woodroffe Lane to Mark Lane (Harben; Stow).Hart Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hartshorn Alley
Hartshorn Alley ran north-south from Leadenhall Street to Fenchurch Street (Harben; BHO). Stow notes that Hartshorn Alley ismid way on that South side [of Leadenhall Street], betwixt Aldgate and Limestreet,
and characterises it asa way that goeth through into Fenchurch streete ouer against [i.e., across from] Northumberland house
(Stow; BHO).Hartshorn Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hatton Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hatton Wall Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hockley in the Hole is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hog Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hog Lane (East Smithfield)
Hog Lane ran east-west into the north-east corner of Little Tower Hill. It should not be confused with the Hog Lane north of Houndsditch. Hog Lane, also called Hog Street in Stow’s Survey of London, was renamed Rosemary Lane in the seventeenth century.Hog Lane (East Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hog Lane (Norton Folgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Holborn
Holborne Street ran east-west from the junction of Hosier Lane, Cock Lane and Snow Hill to St. Giles High Street, and passed through Farringdon Without Ward and Westminster.Holborn is mentioned in the following documents:
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Holborn Bridge
Holborn Bridge or Oldboorne bridge (Stow; BHO) spanned the Fleet Ditch at Holborn Street. Located in the ward of Farringdon Without, the bridge was part of a major westward thoroughfare.Holborn Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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Holy Well Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Holywell Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Honey Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Horn Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Horshew Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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Horsleydown is mentioned in the following documents:
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Hosier Lane (Smithfield)
Hosier Lane ran west from Pie Corner in Smithfield. It was named for the hosiers who worked on the lane in the fourteenth century. The hosiers later moved to Bow Lane off Cheapside, which then became known as Hosier Lane.Hosier Lane (Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Houndsditch Street
Running southeast from Bishopsgate Street to Aldgate Street outside the city wall, Houndsditch Street passed through Bishopsgate Ward and Portsoken Ward. It was first paved in 1603 (Harben 311). Houndsditch Street took its name from nearby Houndsditch. Stow refers to the neighbourhood surrounding Houndsditch Street asHoundsditch
:(within the limits of Hounds-ditch) dwell many a good and honest Citizen
(Stow sig. L7v).Houndsditch Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Huggin Lane (Upper Thames Street)
Huggin Lane ran north-south between Thame Street and Knightrider Street. Although Stow mentions them separately, Stow’s descriptions of the positions of Huggin Lane and Pyellane suggest that they are the same street (Stow 286, 290). Harben also lists Pyellane as a probable variant (Harben).Huggin Lane (Upper Thames Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Huggin Lane (Wood Street)
Huggin Lane (Wood Street) ran east-west connecting Wood Street in the east to Gutter Lane in the west. It ran parallel between Cheapside in the south and Maiden Lane in the north. It was in Cripplegate Ward. It is labelled asHoggyn la
on the Agas map.Huggin Lane (Wood Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ironmonger Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ivy Bridge Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ivy Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Jewin Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Kerion Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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King Edward Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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King Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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King Tudor Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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King’s Alley
According to Stow, on the East side of Coleman Street,almost at the North end thereof, is the Armourers Hall, which companie of Armourers were made a fraternitie or Guild of Saint George, with a Chantrie in the Chapple of saint Thomas in Paules Church, in the first of Henrie the sixt. Also on the same side, is kings Alley, and Loue lane, both containing many tenements.
Both of these streets appear on the Map of Tudor London. Ekwall notes that Kings Alley isNamed from William Kyng, draper
(1965).King’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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King’s Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Kirby Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Knightrider Street
Knightrider Street ran east-west from Dowgate to Addle Hill, crossing College Hill, Garlick Hill, Trinity Lane, Huggin Lane, Bread Street, Old Fish Street Hill, Lambert or Lambeth Hill, St. Peter’s Hill, and Paul’s Chain. Significant landmarks included: the College of Physicians and Doctors’ Commons.Knightrider Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lad Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lambeth Hill
Lambeth Hill ran north-south between Knightrider Street and Thames Street. Part of it lied in Queenhithe Ward, and part in Castle Baynard Ward. The Blacksmiths’ Hall was located on the west side of this street, but the precise location is unknown.Lambeth Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lambeth Marsh is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lamb’s Conduit Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Leadenhall Street
Leadenhall Street ran east-west from Cornhill Street to Aldgate Street. All three form part of the same road from Aldgate to Cheapside (Weinreb and Hibbert 462). The street acquired its name from Leadenhall, a onetime house and later a market. The building was reportedly famous for having a leaden roof (Bebbington 197).Leadenhall Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Leather Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Legges Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lily Pot Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lime Street
Lime Street is a street that ran north-south from Leadenhall Street in the north to Fenchurch Street in the south. It was west of St. Andrew Undershaft and east of Leadenhall. It appears that the street was so named because people made or sold Lime there (Stow; BHO). This claim has some historical merit; in the 1150s one Ailnoth the limeburner lived in the area (Harben; BHO).Lime Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Liquorpond Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Britain is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Eastcheap is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Minories is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Moorfields is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Ormond Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Pearl Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little St. Helen’s Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Little Wood Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lombard Street
Lombard Street was known by early modern Londoners as a place of commerce and trade. Running east to west from Gracechurch Street to Poultry, Lombard Street bordered Langbourn Ward, Walbrook Ward, Bridge Within Ward, and Candlewick Street Ward.Lombard Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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London Bridge
As the only bridge in London crossing the Thames until 1729, London Bridge was a focal point of the city. After its conversion from wood to stone, completed in 1209, the bridge housed a variety of structures, including a chapel and a growing number of shops. The bridge was famous for the cityʼs grisly practice of displaying traitorsʼ heads on poles above its gatehouses. Despite burning down multiple times, London Bridge was one of the few structures not entirely destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.London Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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London Wall (street)
London Wall was a long street running along the inside of the northern part of the City Wall. It ran east-west from the north end of Broad Street to Cripplegate (Prockter and Taylor 43). The modern London Wall street is a major traffic thoroughfare now. It follows roughly the route of the former wall, from Old Broad Street to the Museum of London (whose address is 150 London Wall).London Wall (street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Long Lane (Aldersgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Long Lane (Smithfield) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Long Southwark is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lothbury is mentioned in the following documents:
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Love Lane (Coleman Street)
According to Stow, on the East side of Coleman Street,almost at the North end thereof, is the Armourers Hall, which companie of Armourers were made a fraternitie or Guild of Saint George, with a Chantrie in the Chapple of saint Thomas in Paules Church, in the first of Henrie the sixt. Also on the same side, is kings Alley, and Loue lane, both containing many tenements.
Both of these streets appear on the Map of Tudor London.Love Lane (Coleman Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Love Lane (Thames Street)
Love Lane, Thames Street was situated within Billingsgate (or Belingsgate) ward (Hughson 91). Billingsgate ward is two wards to the west of the Tower of London. The Agas map shows that the lane goes from north to south—up to St. Andrew Hubbard and down to Thames Street. It runs parallel to the streets St. Mary-at-Hill and Botolph Lane.Love Lane (Thames Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Love Lane (Wood Street)
Love Lane, Wood Street ran east-west, connecting Aldermanbury in the east and Wood Street in the west. It ran parallel to Addle Street in the north and Lad Lane in the south. It lay within Cripplegate Ward, and is labelled asLone la.
on the Agas map.Love Lane (Wood Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ludgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Lumbard Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Magpie Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Maiden Lane
There were as many as four streets in early modern London called Maiden Lane (Ekwall 122). The Maiden Lane to which this page refers was shared between Cripplegate Ward, Aldersgate Ward, and Farringdon Within. It ran west from Wood Street, andoriginated as a trackway across the Covent Garden
(Bebbington 210) to St. Martin’s Lane.Maiden Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Maiden Lane (Southwark)
Maiden Lane (Southwark) is not to be confused with Maiden Lane. Maiden Lane (SouthwarK) ran between Dead Man’s Place and Gravel Lane in Southwark and is alternatively referred to as Maid Lane (Sugden 328). It appears on the 1520 A Map of Tudor London (A Map of Tudor London). Based on its position on that map, it would be just beyond the southern boundary of Agas’s 1560 Civitatis Londinum.Maiden Lane (Southwark) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mark Lane
Mark Lane ran north-south from Fenchurch Street to Tower Street. It wasfor the most parte of this Towerstreet warde
(Stow). The north end of the street, from Fenchurch Street to Hart Street was divided between Aldgate Ward and Landbourn Ward. Stow says Mark Lane wasso called of a Priuiledge sometime enjoyed to keepe a mart there, long since discontinued, and therefore forgotten, so as nothing remaineth for memorie
(Stow). Modern scholars have suggested that it was instead named after the mart, where oxen were fattened for slaughter (Harben).Mark Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Masons Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mede Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Middle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Middle Temple Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Milford Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Milk Street
Milk Street, located in Cripplegate Ward, began on the north side of Cheapside, and ran north to a square formed at the intersection of Milk Street, Cat Street (Lothbury), Lad Lane, and Aldermanbury.Milk Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mill Alley (Coleman Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Millman Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mincing Lane
Mincing Lane ran north-south from Fenchurch Street to Tower Street. All of the street was part of Tower Street Wardexcept the corner house[s] towardes Fenchurch streete,
which were in Langbourn Ward (Stow). Stow notes that the street was named aftertenements there sometime pertayning to the Minchuns or Nunnes of Saint Helens in Bishopsgate streete
(Stow). Stow also makes a definitive link between the lane and London’s commercial history.Mincing Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Minories Street
Running south from Aldgate Street to Little Tower Hill, Minories derives its name from the Abbey of St. Clare, called the Abbey of the Minoresses of St. Clare, which stood at the street’s midpoint (Harben 416).Minories Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Monkwell Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Monmouth Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Montague Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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More Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Mount Godard Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Alley
New Alley was a north-south alley in Cornhill Ward and was one of three alleys that were destroyed in the construction of the Royal Exchange, alongside Swan Alley and St. Christopher’s Alley. While the Agas map does not label New Alley, evidence suggests that it did appear in the earlier variation of the map.New Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Canal is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Fashion Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Fish Street
New Fish Street (also known in the seventeenth century as Bridge Street) ran north-south from London Bridge at the south to the intersection of Eastcheap, Gracechurch Street, and Little Eastcheap in the north (Harben 432; BHO). At the time, it was the main thoroughfare to London Bridge (Sugden 191). It ran on the boundary between Bridge Within Ward on the west and Billingsgate Ward on the east. It is labelled on the Agas map asNew Fyſhe ſtreate.
Variant spellings includeStreet of London Bridge,
Brigestret,
Brugestret,
andNewfishstrete
(Harben 432; BHO).New Fish Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Queen Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Rents is mentioned in the following documents:
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New Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Newcastle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Newgate Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Nicholas Lane
Nicholas Lane, or, as Stow called it, St. Nicholas Lane, ran north-south from Lombard Street to Candlewick Street. It was probably named for St. Nicholas Acon, which stood on the lane. Nicholas Lane still survives in modern London, although it is now interrupted by King William Street.Nicholas Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Nightingale Lane
Running south from East Smithfield, Nightingale Lane defined a portion of Portsoken Ward’s original eastern boundary (Harben 441–442). Nightingale Lane is not featured on the Agas map.Nightingale Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Noble Street
Noble Street ran north-south between Maiden Lane in the south and Silver Street in the north. It isall of Aldersgate street ward
(Stow). On the Agas map, it is labelled asNoble Str.
and is depicted as having a right-hand curve at its north end, perhaps due to an offshoot of the London Wall.Noble Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Norton Folgate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Norton Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Oat Lane
Oat Lane ran east-west, connecting Noble Street in the west to Staining Lane in the east. It is drawn on the Agas map in the correct position and is labelled asOte la.
It was in Aldersgate Ward.Oat Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Offele Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Bailey
The Old Bailey ran along the outside of the London Wall near Newgate (Stow 304). It is labelled on the Agas map asOlde baily.
Old Bailey is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Change is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Fish Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Fish Street Hill
Old Fish Street Hill ran north-south between Old Fish Street and Thames Street. Stow refers to this street both asold Fishstreete hill
andSaint Mary Mounthaunt Lane.
Old Fish Street Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Jewry is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Old Swan Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Painted Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Panier Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Paternoster Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Paul’s Chain
Paul’s Chain was a street that ran north-south between St Paul’s Churchyard and Paul’s Wharf, crossing over Carter Lane, Knightrider Street, and Thames Street. It was in Castle Baynard Ward. On the Agas map, it is labelledPaules chayne.
The precinct wall around St. Paul’s Church had six gates, one of which was on the south side by Paul’s Chain. It was here that a chain used to be drawn across the carriage-way entrance in order to preserve silence during church services.Paul’s Chain is mentioned in the following documents:
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Paved Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Pentecost Lane
Pentecost Lane ran north from Newgate Street past St. Nicholas Shambles, now Roman Bath Street. Pentcost Lane is not featured on the Agas map.Pentecost Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Petty Cannons
Petty Cannons, also referred to as Cannon Alley, is an alley connecting St. Paul’s Churchyard to Paternoster Row. Its name derives from the canon’s houses that occupied the site (Harben 121).Petty Cannons is mentioned in the following documents:
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Petty Wales is mentioned in the following documents:
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Philip Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Philpot Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Pissing Alley (Basing Lane)
Pissing Alley or Pissing Lane ran east-west from the end of Basing Lane to Friday Street. On the Agas map, this location is namedPiſſing La.
By the eighteenth century, this section of the street had been renamed Little Friday Lane. Modern Cannon Street replaced this street (Harben).Pissing Alley (Basing Lane) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Pissing Alley (Pasternoster Row) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Poor Jewry is mentioned in the following documents:
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Popcurtleslane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Pope’s Head Alley
Pope’s Head Alley ran south from Cornhill to Lombard Street, and was named for the Pope’s Head Tavern that stood at its northern end. Although it does not appear on the Agas Map, its approximate location can be surmised since all three streets still exist. Although Stow himself does not discuss Pope’s Head Alley directly, his book wasImprinted by Iohn Wolfe, Printer to the honorable Citie of London: And are to be ſold at his ſhop within the Popes head Alley in Lombard ſtreet. 1598
(Stow 1598). Booksellers proliferated the alley in the early years of the 17th century (Sugden 418).Pope’s Head Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Popyngay Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Popys Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Postern Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Poultry is mentioned in the following documents:
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Prestes Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Primrose Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Prince’s Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Pudding Lane
Pudding Lane is most famously known as the starting point of the Great Fire of 1666. Pudding Lane ran south from Little Eastcheap down to Thames Street, with New Fish Street (Newfyshe Streat) framing it on the west and Botolph Lane on the east. The only intersecting street on Pudding Lane is St. George’s Lane, and the nearby parishes include St. Margaret’s, St. Magnus’s, St. Botolph’s, St. George’s, and St. Leonard, Eastcheap. On Ekwall’s map it is labeled asRother (Pudding) Lane
after Stow’s account of the lane’s former title. Pudding Lane is contained within Billingsgate Ward.Pudding Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Puddle Dock Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Queenhithe Street
Once a street in front of Queenhithe. -
Queen’s Bridge is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ram Alley
Ram Alley, now known as Hare Place, was a small alley that ran north-south off of Fleet Street, opposite Fetter Lane. Once aconventual sanctury,
Ram Alleydeveloped into a chartered abode of libertinism and roguery
(Beresford 46).Ram Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Ratten Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Red Lion Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Red Lion Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Redcross Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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River Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Rodd Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Rose Alley
Rose Alley was in Farringdon Within Ward between Newgate Street and Paul’s Cross Churchyard (Ekwall). Though referred to since the 18th century asRose Street,
it was previously known asRose Alley
(Harben).Rose Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Saffron Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Salisbury Court is mentioned in the following documents:
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Scalding Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Seacoal Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Seething Lane
Seething Lane ran north-south from the junction of Hart Street and Crutch Fryers through to Tower Street. The lane, in Tower Street Ward, was marked by a church at each end; on the northwest corner stood St. Olave, Hart Street and on the southeast corner was All Hallows Barking. Stow describes the lane as one withdiuers fayre and large houses
(Stow).Seething Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sermon Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Shaft Alley
Shaft Alley was near the northwest corner of Leadenhall Street and St. Mary Axe Street in Lime Street Ward. During the eighteenth century, the alley was directly opposite East India House. Stow says that the name for the alley came from a maypolelaid [on iron hooks] along ouer the doores, and vnder the Pentises of one rowe of houses, and Alley gate, called of the shaft
(Stow). As an eyewitness, Stow recounts that the alley retained its name long after the maypole was sawn into pieces and burnt following a particularly powerful sermon given at St. Paul’s Cross by Stephen, curate of St. Katherine Cree.Shaft Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sherborne Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Shire Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Shoe Lane
Shoe Lane, or Shoe Alley as it was sometimes called in the sixteenth century (Ekwall 110), was outside the city wall, in the ward of Faringdon Without. It ran north-south, parallel to the course of the Fleet River. Until 1869, it was the main route between Holborn (Oldborne, in Stow’s spelling) and Fleet Street (Smith 190). At its north end, on the west side, was the church of St. Andrew Holborn.Shoe Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Shoemaker Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Shoreditch Street
Shoreditch Street, also called Sewersditch, was a continuation of Bishopsgate Street, passing northward from Norton Folgate to the small town of Shoreditch, a suburb of London in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, for which the road was likely named. Shoreditch first appears in manuscripts in 1148 as Scoreditch, meaningditch of Sceorf [or Scorre]
(Weinreb and Hibbert 807).Shoreditch Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Silver Street
Silver Street was a small but historically significant street that ran east-west, emerging out of Noble Street in the west and merging into Addle Street in the east. Monkwell Street (labelledMuggle St.
on the Agas map) lay to the north of Silver Street and seems to have marked its westernmost point, and Little Wood Street, also to the north, marked its easternmost point. Silver Street ran through Cripplegate Ward and Farringdon Ward Within. It is labelled asSyluer Str.
on the Agas map and is drawn correctly. Perhaps the most noteworthy historical fact about Silver Street is that it was the location of one of the houses in which William Shakespeare dwelled during his time in London.Silver Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Smallbridge Lane
Running east-west from Shoe Lane to the Fleet, Smallbridge Lane delineated the southern border of Blackfriars (Holborn) (Holder 19). It is not featured on the Agas map.Smallbridge Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Snow Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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Soper Lane
Soper Lane was located in the Cordwainers Street Ward just west of Walbrook and south of Cheapside. Soper Lane was home to many of the soap makers and shoemakers of the city (Stow 1:251). Soper Lane was on the processional route for the lord mayor’s shows.Soper Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Spittle Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Albans Ct. is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Andrew’s Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Anne’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Christopher’s Alley
There may have been two alleys known as St. Christopher’s Alley in early modern London. The alley with this name on the south side of Threadneedle Street was destroyed to make way for the Royal Exchange, which opened in 1571.St. Christopher’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Clements Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Dunstan’s Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Foster is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. George’s Lane
St. George’s Lane was just outside the London Wall and near Newgate. In Stow’s account, St. George’s Lane runs west from Old Bailey and becomes Fleet Lane at the intersection with Seacoal Lane. This division of the thoroughfare is not depicted on the Agas map, which labels the whole thoroughfare asFlete.
St. George’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. George’s Lane (Billingsgate)
St. George Lane (Billingsgate) ran east-west between Botolph Lane and Pudding Lane. It is labelled on the Agas map asS. georg la..
St. George’s Lane (Billingsgate) is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Giles High Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. John Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. John’s Court is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. John’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Katherine’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Laurence Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Laurence Lane (Guildhall)
In early modern London, there were two Laurence Lanes: St. Lawrence Poultney Lane, which served as the boundary between Downgate and Candlewick wards, and St. Laurence Lane, Guildhall which was in Cheap ward (Harben). The latter Laurence Lane, to which this page refers, held great importance in the procession of mayoral pageants. It ran north-south, connecting Cheapside at the south and Cateaton Street (labelled on the Agas map asKetton St.
) in the north. It ran parallel between Milk Street to the west and Ironmonger Lane to the east. It is drawn correctly on the Agas map and is labelled asS. Laurence lane.
St. Laurence Lane (Guildhall) is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Laurence Poultney Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Martin’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Martin’s Lane (Strand) is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Martin’s le Grand is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Mary at Hill Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Mary Axe Street
St. Mary Axe ran north-south from the church of St. Augustine Papey to Leadenhall Street. Stow remarks that the east side of the street belonged to Aldgate Ward, while the west side lay within the boundary of Lime Street Ward (Stow). It was named after the church of St. Mary Axe, located near the northwest corner of the street.St. Mary Axe Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Mary Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Matthew’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Michael’s Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
St. Nicholas Shambles is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Olave Street
A street near the bank of the Thames near to St. Thomas’ Hospital.St. Olave Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Pancras Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Paul’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
-
St. Peter’s Hill is mentioned in the following documents:
-
St. Sepulchre’s Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
-
St. Swithins Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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St. Sythes Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Staining Lane
Staining Lane ran north-south, starting at Maiden Lane in the south and turning into Oat Lane in the north. It is drawn correctly on the Agas map and is labelled asStayning la.
It served as a boundary between Cripplegate and Aldersgate wards.Staining Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stationers’ Hall (Milk Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stephens Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stew Lane
A lane in Queenhithe, which Stow mentions was named after a brothel called The Stew.Stew Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stinking Lane
North out of Newgate, Stinking Lane runs parallel to both Pentecost Lane and Butchers’ Alley. Ekwall notes Stinking Lane as a euphemistic variant of Fowle Lane, while Stow notes Stinking Lane was also known as Chick Lane.Stinking Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stockfishmonger Row is mentioned in the following documents:
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Stonecutter Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Strand Lane
Strand Lane wasa narrow and rather winding thoroughfare leading to the Embankment a few yards to the east of Somerset House
(Thornbury).Strand Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Strangeway Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Suffolk Lane
According to Stow, Suffolk Lane ran north-south between Candlewick Street and Thames Street. Our Agas coordinates are based on Stow, who writes that it was positioned between Bush Lane and St. Laurence Lane. Such a lane, though drawn, is not labelled on the Agas map. The Agas map position relative to St. Laurence Poultney Churchyard of this unlabelled lane also accords with Stow’s account of Suffolk Lane. Suffolk Lane is marked on the 1520 map as extending north from Wolsies Lane (Historical Towns Trust). However, its position on that map does not align with Stow’s account of its position with respect to the St. Laurence Poultney Churchyard.We are awaiting further confirmation of this street’s position.Suffolk Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sugarloaf Alley
Sugarloaf Alley ran north-south from Leadenhall Street to Fenchurch Street, on the west side of Bricklayers’ Hall. Stow indicates that it was calledSprinckle allie
but had been renamed Sugarloaf Alley after a shop sign.Sugarloaf Alley is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sugarloaf Court is mentioned in the following documents:
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Sutton Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Swan Alley (Coleman Street)
There were a number of alleys namedSwan Alley
in early modern London. This Swan Alley ran east off Coleman Street, just south of the Armourers’ Hall. Various legal proceedings suggest that the alley bordered gardens and led to the properties of relatively affluent citizens (see links below to records transcribed in BHO). Harben notes that by 1799 the alley was known asGreat Swan Alley
at the west end andLittle Swan Alley
at the east end (Harben 564; BHO).Swan Alley (Coleman Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Swan Alley (Cornhill)
Swan Alley was a north-south alley that bordered Cornhill Ward’s north side and Broad Street Ward’s south end. It opened into Cornhill Ward and therefore was included within Cornhill Ward’s limits.Swan Alley (Cornhill) is mentioned in the following documents:
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Thames Street
Thames Street was the longest street in early modern London, running east-west from the ditch around the Tower of London in the east to St. Andrew’s Hill and Puddle Wharf in the west, almost the complete span of the city within the walls.Thames Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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The Strand
Named for its location on the bank of the Thames, the Strand leads outside the City of London from Temple Bar through what was formerly the Duchy of Lancaster to Charing Cross in what was once the city of Westminster. There were three main phases in the evolution of the Strand in early modern times: occupation by the bishops, occupation by the nobility, and commercial development.The Strand is mentioned in the following documents:
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Thrawl Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Threadneedle Street
Threadneedle Street ran east-west from Bishopsgate Street to Cornhill and the Stocks Market. It passed the north end of the Royal Exchange and was entirely in Broad Street Ward. Threadneedle Street, also called Three Needle Street, is clearly visible on the Agas map. It was apparently very well known for its taverns.Threadneedle Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Three Cranes Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Throgmorton Street
Throgmorton Street was in Broad Street Ward and ran east-west from Broad Street to Lothbury and Bartholomew Lane. Throgmorton Street appears unlabelled on the Agas map running west from Broad Street, under the Drapers’ Hall. Stow’s description of Throgmorton Street is somewhat more detailed than that of other streets because he had a personal connection to it: his father owned land there.Throgmorton Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Timber Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Timberhithe Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tooley Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tottenham Ct. Road is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tower Royal is mentioned in the following documents:
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Tower Street
Tower Street ran east-west from Tower Hill in the east to St. Andrew Hubbard church. It was the principal street of Tower Street Ward. That the ward is named after the street indicates the cultural significance of Tower Street, which was a key part of the processional route through London and home to many wealthy merchants who traded in the goods that were unloaded at the docks and quays immediately south of Tower Street (for example, Billingsgate, Wool Key, and Galley Key).Tower Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Town’s End Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Trig Lane
Trig Lane was the lane leading down from Thames Street (now called Upper Thames Street) to the river landing place called Trig Stairs on the north bank of the Thames. Trig Lane was in a fairly rowdy area full of water traffic, sailors, and porters.Trig Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Trinity Lane
Trinity Lane ran north-south between Old Fish Street (Knightrider Street) and Thames Street, between Garlick Hill and Huggin Lane, entirely in the ward of Queenhithe. On the Agas map, it is labelledTrinitie lane.
Trinity Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Turnagain Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Turnbase Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
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Turnmill Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Vine Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Walbrook Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Warwick Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Water Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Water Lane (Blackfriars) is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Water Lane (Fleet Street) is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Water Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Watergate is mentioned in the following documents:
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Watling Street
Watling Street ran east-west between St. Sythes Lane in Cordwainer Street Ward and Old Change in Bread Street Ward. It is visible on the Agas map under the labelWatlinge ſtreat.
Stow records that the street is also commonly known asNoble Street
(Stow 200). This should not lead to confusion with Noble Street in Aldersgate Ward. There is an etymological explanation for this crossover of names. According to Ekwall, the nameWatling
ultimately derives from an Old English word meaningking’s son
(Ekwall 81-82). Watling Street remains distinct from the Noble Street in Aldersgate Ward.Watling Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Wentford Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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West Harding Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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West Smithfield is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Westbury Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wheeler Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Whitechapel
Whitechapel was a street running east-west to the Aldgate Bars from the east. Stow comments that the street, like Aldgate Street, wasfully replenished with buildings outward, & also pestered with diuerse Allyes, on eyther side
(Stow).Whitechapel is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Whitecross Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Whitefriars Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wich Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Winchester Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Windgoose Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wine Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wolsies Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wood Street
Wood Street ran north-south, connecting at its southernmost end with Cheapside and continuing northward to Little Wood Street, which led directly into Cripplegate. It crossed over Huggin Lane, Lad Lane, Maiden Lane, Love Lane, Addle Lane, and Silver Street, and ran parallel to Milk Street in the east and Gutter Lane in the west. Wood Street lay within Cripplegate Ward. It is labelled asWood Streat
on the Agas map and is drawn in the correct position.Wood Street is mentioned in the following documents:
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Woodroffe Lane
Woodroffe Lane ran north-south from Crutched Friars south to Tower Hill. The lane was in Aldgate Ward and was named after the Woodruffe family (Harben). Stow writes that the lane was a place of great benevolence. There were fourteenproper almes houses
built from brick and wood in Woodruffe Lane and the tenantshaue their dewllinges rent free, and ii.s. iiii.d. the peece: the first day of euery moneth for euer
(Stow).Woodroffe Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wormwood Street is mentioned in the following documents:
-
Wringwren Lane is mentioned in the following documents:
Organizations
-
The MoEML Team
These are all MoEML team members since 1999 to present. To see the current members and structure of our team, seeTeam.
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Alumni
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Former Student Contributors
We’d also like to acknowledge students who contributed to MoEML’s intranet predecessor at the University of Windsor between 1999 and 2003. When we redeveloped MoEML for the Internet in 2006, we were not able to include all of the student projects that had been written for courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance Drama, and/or Writing Hypertext. Nonetheless, these students contributed materially to the conceptual development of the project.
Roles played in the project
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Author
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CSS Editors
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Data Manager
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Encoders
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Markup Editors
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Researcher
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Second Author
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Transcribers
Contributions by this author
This organization is mentioned in the following documents: