Survey of London (1598): Wall about the City of London A suruay of London. Contayning the originall, antiquity, increase, moderne estate, and description of that citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow citizen of London. Also an apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ & nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. Author John Stow Author William fitz Stephen Printer John Windet Publisher John Wolfe Editor Janelle Jenstad Transcriber EEBO-TCP encoders (names not known) Transcriber Nathan Phillips First Encoders EEBO-TCP encoders (names not known) Editor of Original EEBO-TCP Encoding Paul Schaffner Creator of TEI Stylesheets for Conversion of EEBO-TCP Encoding to TEI-P5 Sebastian Rahtz Post-Conversion Editor Martin Holmes Managing Editor Kim McLean-Fiander Managing Editor Katie Tanigawa Encoder Nathan Phillips Encoder Sarah Milligan Encoder Catriona Duncan Encoder Joey Takeda Toponymist Catriona Duncan Transcription Proofreader Molly Rothwell Transcription Proofreader Kate LeBere Transcription Proofreader Chris Horne Markup Editor Lucas Simpson CSS Editor Kate LeBere Data Manager Tye Landels Junior Programmer Joey Takeda Programmer Martin Holmes Associate Project Director Kim McLean-Fiander Project Director Janelle Jenstad The Map of Early Modern Londonhttp://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/includes.xmlVictoria, BC, Canada
Department of English P.O.Box 3070 STNC CSC University of Victoria Victoria, BC Canada V8W 3W1
2016University of Victoria978-1-55058-519-3 Janelle Jenstad london@uvic.ca

Copyright held by The Map of Early Modern London on behalf of the contributors.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Further details of licences are available from our Licences page. For more information, contact the project director, Janelle Jenstad, for specific information on the availability and licensing of content found in files on this site.

 978-1-55058-520-9 23341 A13049 99853096 18464 Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Stow, John A1 - fitz-Stephen, William ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - Survey of London (1598): Wall about the City of London T2 - The Map of Early Modern London ET - 7.0 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/05 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_WALL2.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/stow_1598_WALL2.xml ER - Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Wall about the City of London. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_WALL2.htm. Stow, John, and William fitz-Stephen. Survey of London (1598): Wall about the City of London. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/stow_1598_WALL2.htm. Stow, J., & fitz-Stephen, W. 2022. Survey of London (1598): Wall about the City of London. In J. Jenstad (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/stow_1598_WALL2.htm. This semi-diplomatic transcription takes the University of Victoria copy (DA680 S87 1598) of STC 23341 (ESTC S117887) as its control text. For convenience, we began with the TEI-XML P4 file of the EEBO-TCP transcription of STC 23341(TCP A13049), available on GitHub). The names of the EEBO-TCP transcribers are unknown. Paul Schaffner edited the original EEBO-TCP markup in or before 2012. Sebastian Rahtz created the TEI Stylesheets to convert the EEBO-TCP file to TEI-P5 in or before 2012. Martin Holmes downloaded the XML file from the GitHub repository. Martin Holmes processed the file programmatically to bring it in line with MoEML’s TEI customization. Holmes added proleptic catchwords (based on the first word on the next page) and converted short s back to long s based on predictable patterns. MoEML Research Assistants at the University of Victoria performed the following additional tasks: supplied content for the gaps left by the EEBO-TCP transcribers; checked the transcription against digital surrogates of the UVic copy and against the copy itself; corrected the proleptic catchwords where necessary; transcribed the formeworks; added links to digital surrogates; and tagged all people, places, and dates. The text was then checked by Editor Janelle Jenstad. Stow, John. A SVRVAY OF LONDON. Contayning the Originall, Antiquity, Increase, Moderne estate, and description of that Citie, written in the yeare 1598. by Iohn Stow Citizen of London. Also an Apologie (or defence) against the opinion of some men, concerning that Citie, the greatnesse thereof. With an Appendix, containing in Latine, Libellum de situ &nobilitate Londini: written by William Fitzstephen, in the raigne of Henry the second. London: John Windet for John Wolfe, 1598. STC 23341. Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. See also the digital transcription of this edition at British History Online. The Wall

Originally built as a Roman fortification for the provincial city of Londinium in the second century C.E., the London Wall remained a material and spatial boundary for the city throughout the early modern period. Described by Stow as high and great (Stow 1:8), the London Wall dominated the cityscape and spatial imaginations of Londoners for centuries. Increasingly, the eighteen-foot high wall created a pressurized constraint on the growing city; the various gates functioned as relief valves where development spilled out to occupy spaces outside the wall.

(WALL2.xml) London

The city of London, not to be confused with the allegorical character (London).

(LOND5.xml) The Thames Information is not yet available. (THAM2.xml) Aldgate

Aldgate was the easternmost gate into the walled city. The name Aldgate is thought to come from one of four sources: Æst geat meaning Eastern gate (Ekwall 36), Alegate from the Old English ealu meaning ale, Aelgate from the Saxon meaning public gate or open to all, or Aeldgate meaning old gate (Bebbington 20–21).

(ALDG1.xml) Ludgate

Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Ludgate was a gate built by the Romans (Carlin and Belcher 80). Stow asserts that Ludgate was constructed by King Lud who named the gate after himself for his owne honor (Stow 1:1).

(LUDG1.xml) Fleet Bridge Information is not yet available. (FLEE7.xml) Fleet

The Fleet, known as Fleet River, Fleet Ditch, Fleet Dike, and the River of Wells due to the numerous wells along its banks, was London’s largest subterranean river (Stow 1598, sig. C4r). It flowed down from Hampstead and Kenwood ponds in the north, bisecting the Ward of Farringdon Without, as it wended southward into the Thames (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 298).

(FLEE1.xml) Blackfriars (Farringdon Within)

The largest and wealthiest friary in England, Blackfriars was not only a religious institution but also a cultural, intellectual, and political centre of London. The friary housed London’s Dominican friars (known in England as the Black friars) after their move from the smaller Blackfriars precincts in Holborn. The Dominicans’ aquisition of the site, overseen by Robert Kilwardby, began in 1275. Once completed, the precinct was second in size only to St. Paul’s Churchyard, spanning eight acres from the Fleet to St. Andrew’s Hill and from Ludgate to the Thames. Blackfriars remained a political and social hub, hosting councils and even parlimentary proceedings, until its surrender in 1538 pursuant to Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries (Holder 27–56).

(BLAC1.xml) Aldersgate

Aldersgate was one of London’s four original gates (Stow 1598, sig. C7r), labelled Alders gate on the Agas map. The gate was likely built into the Wall of London during the Roman Conquest, marking the northern entrance into the city.

(ALDE3.xml) Moorfields

A low-lying marshy area just northeast of Moorgate and on the way to the Curtain, Moorfields was home to a surprising range of activities and accompanying cultural associations in early modern London. Beggars and the mentally ill patients of neighbouring Bethlehem Hospital often frequented the area. Some used the public space to bleach and dry linen, and the Honorable Artillery Company also used it as an official training ground. Moorfields was even a popular suburban destination for ice skating when its water froze during the winter. Moorfields was generally full of noysome waters (Stow 2:77) until 1605–1607, when it was successfully drained, levelled, and beautified with tree-lined pedestrian pathways. At this point, it transformed into a fashionable place for the genteel to see and to be seen. The history of Moorfields provides insight into social, political, environmental, and medical issues in early modern London.

(MOOR1.xml) Bevis Marks (Street)

Bevis Marks was a street south of the City Wall that ran east-west from Shoemaker Row to the north end of St. Mary Axe Street. It was in Aldgate Ward. Bevis Marks was continued by Duke’s Place.

(BEVI1.xml) Bishopsgate Information is not yet available. (BISH2.xml) All Hallows (London Wall)

All Hallows, London Wall is a church built east of Bishopsgate, near or on the City Wall. The church is visible on the Agas map northwest of Broad Street and up against the south side of the City Wall. The label All Haloues in y Wall is west of the church. In his description of Broad Street Ward, Stow notes only the location of the church and the three distinguished people interred therein by 1601.

(ALLH1.xml) Posterngate Information is not yet available. (POST1.xml) Moorgate

Moorgate was one of the major gates in the Wall of London (Sugden). It was situated in the northern part of the Wall, flanked by Cripplegate and Bishopsgate. Clearly labelled as More Gate on the Agas map, it stood near the intersection of London Wall street and Coleman Street (Sugden; Stow 1598, sig. C6v). It adjoined Bethlehem Hospital, and the road through it led into Finsbury Field (Rocque) and Mallow Field.

(MOOR2.xml) Cripplegate

Cripplegate was one of the original gates in the city wall (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 221; Harben). It was the northern gate of a large fortress that occupied the northwestern corner of the Roman city.

(CRIP1.xml) Aldersgate Ward

Aldersgate Ward is west of Cripplegate Ward. Both the ward and its main street are named after Aldersgate, the north gate of the city.

(ALDE2.xml) Tower of London Information is not yet available. (TOWE5.xml) Newgate

The gaol at Newgate, a western gate in the Roman Wall of London, was constructed in the twelfth century specifically to detain fellons and trespassors awaiting trial by royal judges (Durston 470; O’Donnell 25; Stow 1598, sig. C8r). The gradual centralisation of the English criminal justice system meant that by the reign of Elizabeth I, Newgate had become London’s most populated gaol. In the early modern period, incarceration was rarely conceived of as a punishment in itself; rather, gaols like Newgate were more like holding cells, where inmates spent time until their trials or punishments were effected, or their debts were paid off.

(NEWG1.xml)

Wall about the City of London chapter of Survey of London (1598).

The Julian calendar, in use in the British Empire until September 1752. This calendar is used for dates where the date of the beginning of the year is ambigious.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year regularized to beginning on 1 January.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year beginning on 25 March. This was the calendar used in the British Empire until September 1752.

The Gregorian calendar, used in the British Empire from September 1752. Sometimes referred to as New Style (NS). Years run from January 1 through December 31.

The Anno Mundi (year of the world) calendar is based on the supposed date of the creation of the world, which is calculated from Biblical sources. At least two different creation dates are in common use. See Anno Mundi (Wikipedia).

Regnal dates are given as the number of years into the reign of a particular monarch. Our practice is to tag such dates with calendar=regnal, and provide an equivalent date using a more systematic calendar (usually Julian) in a custom dating attribute.

 Molly Rothwell Molly Rothwell MR

Project Manager, 2022-present. Research Assistant, 2020-2022. Molly Rothwell was an undergraduate student at the University of Victoria, with a double major in English and History. During her time at MoEML, Molly primarily worked on encoding and transcribing the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey, adding toponyms to MoEML’s Gazetteer, researching England’s early-modern court system, and standardizing MoEML’s Mapography.

 Lucas Simpson Lucas Simpson LS

Research Assistant, 2018-2021. Lucas Simpson was a student at the University of Victoria.

 Chris Horne Chris Horne CH

Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Chris Horne was an honours student in the Department of English at the University of Victoria. His primary research interests included American modernism, affect studies, cultural studies, and digital humanities.

 Kate LeBere Kate LeBere KL

Project Manager, 2020-2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019-2020. Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. She published papers in The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. During her time at MoEML, Kate made significant contributions to the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey of London, old-spelling anthology of mayoral shows, and old-spelling library texts. She authored the MoEML’s first Project Management Manual and quickstart guidelines for new employees and helped standardize the Personography and Bibliography. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.

 Tracey El Hajj Tracey El Hajj TEH

Junior Programmer 2018-2020. Research Associate 2020-2021. Tracey received her PhD from the Department of English at the University of Victoria in the field of Science and Technology Studies. Her research focuses on the algorhythmics of networked communications. She was a 2019-20 President’s Fellow in Research-Enriched Teaching at UVic, where she taught an advanced course on Artificial Intelligence and Everyday Life. Tracey was also a member of the Linked Early Modern Drama Online team, between 2019 and 2021. Between 2020 and 2021, she was a fellow in residence at the Praxis Studio for Comparative Media Studies, where she investigated the relationships between artificial intelligence, creativity, health, and justice. As of July 2021, Tracey has moved into the alt-ac world for a term position, while also teaching in the English Department at the University of Victoria.

 Joey Takeda Joey Takeda JT

Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.

 Katie Tanigawa Katie Tanigawa KT

Project Manager, 2015-2019. Katie Tanigawa was a doctoral candidate at the University of Victoria. Her dissertation focused on representations of poverty in Irish modernist literature. Her additional research interests included geospatial analyses of modernist texts and digital humanities approaches to teaching and analyzing literature.

 Catriona Duncan Catriona Duncan CD

Research Assistant, 2014-2016. Catriona was an MA student at the University of Victoria. Her primary research interests included medieval and early modern Literature with a focus on book history, spatial humanities, and technology.

 Tye Landels-Gruenewald Tye Landels-Gruenewald TLG

Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.

 Nathan Phillips Nathan Phillips NAP

Research Assistant, 2012-2014. Nathan Phillips completed his MA at the University of Victoria specializing in medieval and early modern studies in April 2014. His research focused on seventeenth-century non-dramatic literature, intellectual history, and the intersection of religion and politics. Additionally, Nathan was interested in textual studies, early-Tudor drama, and the editorial questions one can ask of all sixteenth- and seventeenth-century texts in the twisted mire of 400 years of editorial practice. Nathan is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of English at Brown University.

 Sarah Milligan Sarah Milligan SM

Research Assistant, 2012-2014. MoEML Research Affiliate. Sarah Milligan completed her MA at the University of Victoria in 2012 on the invalid persona in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese. She has also worked with the <ref target="http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/">Internet Shakespeare Editions</ref> and with Dr. Alison Chapman on the Victorian Poetry Network, compiling an index of Victorian periodical poetry.

 Kim McLean-Fiander Kim McLean-Fiander KMF

Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.

 Janelle Jenstad Janelle Jenstad JJ

Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).

 Paul Schaffner Paul Schaffner PS

E-text and TCP production manager at the University of Michigan Digital Library Production Service (DLPS), Paul manages the production of full-text transcriptions for EEBO-TCP.

 Sebastian Rahtz Sebastian Rahtz SR

Chief data architect at University of Oxford IT Services, Sebastian was well known for his contributions to the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI), OxGarage, and the Text Creation Partnership (TCP).

 Martin D. Holmes Martin D. Holmes MDH

Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.

 Alfred the Great Alfred the Great King of Wessex King of the Anglo-Saxons

King of Wessex 871-886. King of the Anglo-Saxons 886-899. Father of Ethelfled. Father-in-law of Æthelred and Adhered.

ODNB Wikipedia William Camden William Camden

Historian.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Canute I Canute Cnut the Great King of England King of Denmark King of Norway

King of England 1016–1035. King of Denmark 1019–1035. King of Norway 1028–1035.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Sir John Crosby Sir John Crosby Sheriff

Sheriff of London 1470-1471. Member of the Grocers’ Company. Diplomat, and member of parliament. Founder of Crosby Hall. Husband of Anne Crosby. Buried at St. Helen’s, Bishopsgate.

MASL ODNB Wikipedia Edward I Edward I King of England Longshanks Hammer of the Scots

King of England 1272-1307. Buried at Westminster Abbey.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Edward II Edward II King of England

King of England 1307-1327.

ODNB Wikipedia Edward IV Edward IV King of England

King of England 1461-1470 and 1471-1483.

EB ODNB Wikipedia William fitz-Stephen William fitz-Stephen

Biographer and clerk.

ODNB Wikipedia Henry le Waleys Henry le Waleys Sheriff Mayor

Sheriff of London 1270-1271. Mayor 1273-1274, 1281-1284 and 1297-1299. Financier of Greyfriars.

MASL ODNB Wikipedia Augustus Caesar Augustus Caesar Emperor of the Roman Empire Gaius Octavius Thurinus

Emperor of the Roman Empire 27 BCE–14 CE.

EB Wikipedia Henry II Henry II King of England

King of England 1154-1189.

ODNB Wikipedia Henry III Henry III King of England

King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Aquitaine 1216-1272. Buried at Westminster Abbey.

ODNB Wikipedia John I John I King of England Lackland

King of England 1199-1216.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Richard II Richard II King of England

King of England 1377-1399. Buried at Westminster Abbey.

EB ODNB Wikipedia John Stow John Stow

Historian and author of A Survey of London. Husband of Elizabeth Stow.

MoEML ODNB Wikipedia John Windet John Windet

Printer.

BBTI Wikipedia John Wolfe John Wolfe

Bookseller and printer. Husband of Alice Wolfe.

MoEML BBTI ODNB Julius Caesar Julius Caesar

Politician and military commander of the Roman empire.

ODNB Wikipedia Matthew Paris Matthew Paris

Historian and Benedictine monk.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Tacitus Tacitus

Roman orator and public official.

EB Wikipedia Theodosius I Theodosius I the Great Emperor of the Roman Empire Flavius Theodosius Augustus

Emperor of the Roman Empire 379-395. Father of Arcadius and Honorius.

EB Wikipedia Vortigern Vortigern King of Britain

King of Britian. Appears in Gildas’ On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain and Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

EB Wikipedia William of Malmesbury William

Historian.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Bede Bede Venerable Bede

Monk at the monastery of Saint Peter at Monkwearmouth. Known as the Father of English History. Author of Ecclesiastical History of the English People.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Claudius Ptolemy Claudius Ptolemy

Greco-Egyptian writer, mathematician, astronomer, and poet from Alexandria.

EB Wikipedia Æthelred Æthelred Lord of the Mercians

Lord of the Mercians 881-911. Son-in-law of Alfred the Great.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Edmund Ironside Edmund Ironside King of England

King of England 1016.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Godwin Godwin

Earl of Wessex under Canute I.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Roger of Wendover Roger

Chronicler.

EB ODNB Wikipedia Sir Ralph Josselyn Sir Ralph Josselyn Mayor Sheriff

Sheriff of London 1458-1459. Mayor 1464-1465 and 1476-1477. Member of the Drapers’ Company. Buried at St. Swithin, London Stone.

MASL Septimius Severus Septimius Severus Emperor of the Roman Empire Lucius Septimius Severus Eusebes Pertinax

Emperor of the Roman Empire 193-211.

EB Wikipedia Bennet Abbot of Wirall Bennet Abbot

Master of Bede.

 Antoninus Pius Antoninus Pius Emperor of the Roman Empire Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius

Emperor of the Roman Empire 138-161.

EB Wikipedia Ethelfled Ethelfled

Daughter of Alfred the Great.

 Marianus of Florence Marianus

Historian and chronicler.

Wikipedia Randulph Cocshall Randulph Cocshall

Baron.

 Worshipful Company of DrapersDrapers’ Company

The Drapers’ Company was one of the twelve great companies of London. The Drapers were third in the order of precedence established in 1515. The Worshipful Company of Drapers is still active and maintains a website at https://www.thedrapers.co.uk/ that includes a history of the company and bibliography.

The coat of arms of the Drapers’ Company, from Stow (1633). [Full size image]
Worshipful Company of GoldsmithsGoldsmiths’ Company

The Goldsmiths’ Company was one of the twelve great companies of London. The Goldsmiths were fifth in the order of precedence established in 1515. The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths is still active and maintains a website at https://www.thegoldsmiths.co.uk/ that includes a history of the company and explains the company’s role in the annual Trial of the Pyx.

The coat of arms of the Goldsmiths’ Company, from Stow (1633). [Full size image]
Worshipful Company of SkinnersSkinners’ Company

The Skinners’ Company (previously the Fraternity of Taylors and Linen Armourers of St. John the Baptist) was one of the twelve great companies of London. Since 1484, the Skinners and the Merchant Taylors have alternated precedence annually; the Skinners are now sixth in precedence in even years and seventh in odd years, changing precedence at Easter. The Worshipful Company of Skinners is still active and maintains a website at http://www.theskinnerscompany.org.uk/ that includes a history of the company.

The coat of arms of the Skinners’ Company, from Stow (1633). [Full size image]
Early English Books Online–Text Creation PartnershipEEBO-TCP

The EEBO-TCP is a partnership with ProQuest and with more than 150 libraries to generate highly accurate, fully-searchable, SGML/XML-encoded texts corresponding to books from the Early English Books Online Database. Website.

 The MoEML Team The MoEML Team Project Leaders, 2021 Project Leaders, 2021 Research Assistants, 2021 Research Assistants, 2021 Developers, 2021 Developers, 2021 Project Management, 2021 Project Management, 2021 Project Leaders, 2020 Project Leaders, 2020 Research Assistants, 2020 Research Assistants, 2020 Developers, 2020 Developers, 2020 Project Management, 2020 Project Management, 2020 Project Leaders, 2019 Project Leaders, 2019 Research Assistants, 2019 Research Assistants, 2019 Developers, 2019 Developers, 2019 Project Management, 2019 Project Management, 2019 Project Leaders, 2018 Project Leaders, 2018 Research Assistants, 2018 Research Assistants, 2018 Developers, 2018 Developers, 2018 Project Management, 2018 Project Management, 2018 Project Leaders, 2017 Project Leaders, 2017 Research Assistants, 2017 Research Assistants, 2017 Developers, 2017 Developers, 2017 Project Management, 2017 Project Management, 2017 Project Leaders, 2016 Project Leaders, 2016 Research Assistants, 2016 Research Assistants, 2016 Developers, 2016 Developers, 2016 Project Management, 2016 Project Management, 2016 Project Leaders, 2015 Project Leaders, 2015 Research Assistants, 2015 Research Assistants, 2015 Developers, 2015 Developers, 2015 Project Management, 2015 Project Management, 2015 Project Leaders, 2014 Project Leaders, 2014 Research Assistants, 2014 Research Assistants, 2014 Project Leaders, 2013 Project Leaders, 2013 Research Assistants, 2013 Research Assistants, 2013 Project Leaders, 2012 Project Leaders, 2012 Research Assistants, 2012 Research Assistants, 2012 Project Leaders, 2011 Project Leaders, 2011 Research Assistants, 2011 Research Assistants, 2011 Project Leaders, 2010 Project Leaders, 2010 Research Assistants, 2010 Research Assistants, 2010 Project Leaders, 2009 Project Leaders, 2009 Research Assistants, 2009 Research Assistants, 2009 Project Leaders, 2008 Project Leaders, 2008 Research Assistants, 2008 Research Assistants, 2008 Project Leaders, 2007 Project Leaders, 2007 Research Assistants, 2007 Research Assistants, 2007 Project Leaders, 2006 Project Leaders, 2006 Research Assistants, 2006 Research Assistants, 2006 Developers, 2006 Developers, 2006 Project Leaders, 2005 Project Leaders, 2005 Research Assistants, 2005 Research Assistants, 2005 Developers, 2005 Developers, 2005 Project Leaders, 2004 Project Leaders, 2004 Research Assistants, 2004 Research Assistants, 2004 Project Leaders, 2003 Project Leaders, 2003 Research Assistants, 2003 Research Assistants, 2003 Project Leaders, 2002 Project Leaders, 2002 Research Assistants, 2002 Research Assistants, 2002 Project Leaders, 2001 Project Leaders, 2001 Research Assistants, 2001 Research Assistants, 2001 Project Leaders, 2000 Project Leaders, 2000 Research Assistants, 2000 Research Assistants, 2000 Project Leaders, 1999 Project Leaders, 1999 Research Assistants, 1999 Research Assistants, 1999 Former Student Contributors Former Student Contributors

We’d also like to acknowledge students who contributed to MoEML’s intranet predecessor at the University of Windsor between 1999 and 2003. When we redeveloped MoEML for the Internet in 2006, we were not able to include all of the student projects that had been written for courses in Shakespeare, Renaissance Drama, and/or Writing Hypertext. Nonetheless, these students contributed materially to the conceptual development of the project.

These are all MoEML team members since 1999 to present. To see the current members and structure of our team, see <ref target="team.xml">Team</ref>.

 University of VictoriaUniversity of Victoria

The University of Victoria, writ large. Located in Victoria, BC, Canada. Website.

Most MoEML documents, or significant fragments with xml:id attributes, can be addressed using the mol: prefix and accessed through the web application with their id + .xml.

The molagas prefix points to the shape representation of a location on MoEML’s OpenLayers3-based rendering of the Agas Map.

Links to page-images in the ProQuest Early English Books Online (EEBO) repository. Note that this is a subscription service, and may not be accessible to those accessing it from locations outside member institutions.

Links to page-images in the English Broadside Ballad Archive (EBBA).

The mdt (MoEML Document Type) prefix used on catRef/target points to a central taxonomy in the includes file.

The mdtlist (MoEML Document Type listing) prefix used in linking attributes points to a listings page constructed from a category in the central MDT taxonomy in the includes file. There are two variants, one with the plain xml:id of the category, meaning all documents in the specified category, and one with the suffix _subcategories, meaning all subcategories of the category.

The molgls (MoEML gloss) prefix used on term/corresp points to a a glossary entry in the GLOSS1.xml file.

This molvariant prefix is used on ref/target attributes during automated generation of gazetteer index files. It points to an element in the generated variant spellings listing file which lists all documents which contain a particular spelling variant for a location.

This molajax prefix is used on ref/target attributes during the static build process, to specify links which point to MoEML resources which should not be loaded into the source page during standalone processing; instead, these should be turned into links to the XML source documents, and at HTML page load time, these should be turned into AJAX calls. This is to handle the scenario in which a page such as an A-Z index of the whole site would end up containing virtually the whole site inside itself.

The molstow prefix is used on facs attributes to link to the HCMC verison of the Stow facsimiles. Usually the first group is the year (1633) and then last is the image number (0001).

Created by converting TCP files to TEI P5 using tcp2tei.xsl, TEI @ Oxford.

Encoding has been done using the recommendations for Level 4 of the TEI in Libraries Guidelines. Digital page images are linked to the text file.

Page images are collected here: https://hcmc.uvic.ca/stow/1598/.

Page-image links are provided through the facs attribute, which has values like this: molstow:1633|1. This translates to a URI looking like this: https://hcmc.uvic.ca/stow/1598/DA680_S87_&_Stow_&.jpg.

Other editorial and encoding practices are documented in detail in the Praxis section of our website.

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Our editorial and encoding practices are documented in detail in the Praxis section of our website.

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CSS editor MoEML uses the term CSS Editor for a person who adds CSS styling to the transcription of a primary source. We use CSS styling to describe the bibliographic features of the texts we transcribe. For further information, see our page on CSS styling. Changed status to inPeerReview. Transformed pb facs elements for UVic image links. Transformed pb facs elements for EEBO-proquest transition. Collapsed element rendition using XSLT. Created individual section from stow_1598.xml using XSLT. The changes prior to this one reflect changes to the entire stow_1598.xml file and not this section in particular. Fixed an erroneous entity tag that was producing a diagnostics error. Changed calendar value from "julian" to "julianSic" using XSLT. Changed status of stow_1598_WALL2 to draft. Transformed the use of supplied and its reason attribute to conform with TEI Guidelines and our updated schema. Standardized the use of @resp in editorial notes. 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6 Wall about the Citie of London.

Whereupon Ambaſſadors were eftſoones diſpatched to Rome, lamentably beſeeching that they woulde not ſuffer their miſerable countrey to be vtterly deſtroyed: then againe an other Legion was ſent, which comming vpon a ſuddaine, made a greate ſlaughter of the ennemie, and chaſed him home, euen vnto his own country. Theſe Romaines at their departure, tolde the Britaines plainely, that it was not for their eaſe or leaſure to take vpon them any more ſuch long and laborious iournyes for their defence, and therefore bad them practiſe the vſe of armour and weapons, and learne to withſtand their ennemies, whome nothing elſe did make ſo ſtrong as their faint hart, and cowardiſe, and for ſo much as they thought that it would be no ſmall helpe and encouragement vnto their Tributary frendes whom they were now forced to forſake, they builded for them a wall of harde ſtone from the weſt ſea to the eaſt ſea, right betwéene thoſe two Cities, which were there made to kéepe out the ennemies, in the ſelfe ſame place where Seuerus before had caſt his Trench. The Britaines alſo putting to their helping handes as laborers.

This wall they builded 8. foote thicke in breadth, and 12. foote in height, right as it were by a lyne, from eaſt to weſt, as the ruines thereof remaining in many places til this day, do make to appeare. Which worke thus perfected, they giue the people ſtraight charge to looke well to themſelues, they teach them to handle their weapons, and they inſtruct them in warlike feates. And leſt by the ſea ſide ſouthwardes, where their ſhips lay at harbor, the ennemie ſhould come on land, they made vp ſundrie Bulwarkes each ſome what diſtant from the other, and ſo bid them farewell as minding no more to returne. This happened in the daies of the Emperour Theodoſius the younger almoſt 500. yeares after the firſt ariuall of the Romaines here, aboute the yeare after Chriſtes incarnation, 434.

The Britaines after this, continuing a lingering & doubtful war with the Scots and Pictes, made choice of Vortiger, to bee their king and leader, which man (as ſayth Malmeſbery,) was neither valorous of courage, nor wiſe of counſell, but wholy giuen ouer to the vnlawful luſts of his fleſh: the people likewiſe in ſhort time, being growne to ſome quietnes gaue themſelues to gluttony, and dronkennes, Wall about the Citie of London. 7 drunkennes, pride, contention, enuie, and ſuch other vices, caſting from them the yoke of Chriſt. In the meane ſeaſon a bitter plague fell among them, conſuming in ſhort time ſuch a multitude, that the quicke were not ſufficient to bury the deade, and yet the remnant remayned ſo hardened in ſinne, that neither the death of their frendes nor feare of their owne daunger, could cure the mortality of their ſoules, whereupon a greater ſtroke of vengeance inſued vpon the whole ſinfull nation. For being now againe infeſted with their old neighbors the Scots, and Pictes, they conſult with their king Vortiger, and ſend for the Saxons, who ſhortly after ariued here in Britaine, where ſaith Bede, they were receiued as frends: but as it proued they minded to deſtroy the countrie as ennemies for after that they had driuen out the Scots and Pictes, they alſo draue the Britaines ſome ouer the ſeas, and ſome into the waſte mountaines of Wales and Cornewell, and deuided the countrie into diuers kingdomes amongſt themſelues.

Theſe Saxons were likewiſe ignorant of the Architecture or building with ſtone, vntill the yere of Chriſt 680. for then it is affirmed that Bennet Abbote of Wirall, Maiſter to the reuerend Bede, firſt brought Maſons and Workemen in ſtone into this Iland amongſt the Saxons, (he I ſay) brought hyther Artificers of ſtone houſes, Paynters and Glaſiers, artes before that time vnto the Saxons vnknowne, who before that time vſed but wodden buildinges.

Thus much be ſayed for walling, not onely in reſpect of this City, but generally alſo of the firſt, within the Realme. Now to returne to our Trinouant, (as Ceſar hath it) the ſame is ſince by Tacitus, Ptolomeus, and Antoninus called Londinium, Longidinum, of Amiamus, Lundinum, and Auguſta who calleth it an auncient Citie of our Britaines Lundayne, of the olde Saxons, Lundonceaſter, Londonbeig, of ſtrangers, Londra and Londres, of the inhabitants, London, whereof you may reade a more large and learned diſcourſe, and how it tooke the name in that worke of my louing frend M. Camden now Clarenciaulx which is called Britania.

This Citie of London hauing beene deſtroyed and brent by the Danes and other Pagan ennemies about the yere of Chriſt, B4 839. 8 Wall about the Citie of London. 839. was by Alfred king of the weſt Saxons, in the yere 886 repayred and honorably reſtored, and made againe habitable. Who alſo committed the cuſtody thereof vnto his ſonne in law, Ethelrod Earle of Mercia, vnto whome before hee had giuen his daughter Ethelfled.

And that this Citie was ſtrongly walled, may appeare by diuers accidents, whereof I haue read ſome, namely William of Malſmebery, hath that about the yeare of Chriſt, 994. the Londoners, ſhut vp their gates and defended their king Ethelrod, within their wals againſt the Danes, in the yeare 1016. Edmōd Ironſide raigning ouer the weſt Saxons Canute the Dane bringing his nauie into the weſt part of the bridge, caſt a Trench aboute the Citie of London, and then attempted to haue won it by aſſault, but the Citizens repulſed him and draue him from their wals. Alſo in the yeare 1052. Earle Godwin with his nauie ſayled vp by the ſouth ende of the bridge, and ſo aſſailed the wals of this Citie, & Wiliam Fitzſtephen writing in the raigne of king Henry the ſecond, of the wals of this Citie, hath theſe words The wal is high and great, well towred on the Northſide with due diſtances betweene the towers. On the ſouthſide alſo the Citie was walled and towred, but the fiſhful riuer of Thames with his ebbing, and flowing hath long ſince ſubuerted them.

This may ſuffice for proofe of a wall, and forme thereof, about this Citie, and the ſame to haue béene of greate antiquity, as any other within this Realme, and now touching the maintenance & repayring the ſaide wals, I finde that in the yere 1215, the 16. of King Iohn , the Barons entring the Citie by Ealdgate, firſt tooke aſſurance of the Citizens, and then they brake into the houſes of the Iewes, and ſearched their coffers, and after with greate diligence repayred the wals, and the gates of the Citie of London with ſtone, taken from the Iewes broken houſes. In the yeare 1257. Henry the 3. cauſed the wals of the Citie of London, which were ſore decaied and deſtitute of Towers, to be repayred in more ſeemely wiſe then before, at the common charges of the Citie. Alſo in the yeare 1282. King Edward the firſt granted to H. VValleis Maior, and the Citizens of London, the fauour, to take toward the making of the wall, and incloſure of the Citie, certaine cuſtomes, as appeareth by his grante. This wal was then to be made Wall about the Citie of London. 9 made from Ludgate to Fleete bridge, and along by the water of Fleete, vnto the riuer of Thames. Moreouer in the yere 1310. Edward the 2. commanded the Citizens to make vp the wal alredy begunne, and the Tower, at the ende of the ſame wall, within the water of Thames neare vnto the blacke Fryers &c. It was alſo granted by king Richard the ſ o e cond in the 10. of his raign that a Toll ſhoulde be taken of wares, ſolde by lande and by water for 10. yeares, towardes the repayring of the wals and clenſing of the ditch aboute London. In the 17. of Edward the 4. Ralfe Ioceline, Mayor, cauſed parte of the wall aboute the Citie of London, to be rapayred, to wit, betwixt Aldgate and Alderſgate he alſo cauſed the Morefielde to bee ſearched for clay, and willed bricke to be made, and brent there, he likewiſe cauſed chalke to bee brought out of Kent and to be brent into lime in the ſame Morefield, for more furtherance of the worke. Then the Skinners, to begin in the Eaſt, made that parte of the wall, betwixt Algate and Buries marke towardes Biſhopſgate, as may appeare by their armes in thrée places fixed there, the Mayor with his cōpany of the Drapers made all that part, betwixt Biſhopſgate & Alhallowes Church in the ſame, and from Alhallowes towards the Poſterne. A great part of the ſame wal called Moregate was repayred by the executors of Sir Iohn Croſby, late Alderman, as may appeare by his Armes, ſtanding in two places there. Other Companies repayred the reſt of the wal to the Poſterne of Criplegate. The Goldſmiths repayred frō Criplegate, towards Alderſgate, & there the work ceaſed. The circuite of the wall of London on the landes ſide, to wit from the tower of London in the eaſt, vnto Aldgate, is 82. perches: from Aldgate to Biſhopſgate, 86. perches: from Biſhopſgate in the north to the Poſtern of Criplegate 162 perches, from Criplegate to Ealderſgate 75. perches, from Eldrichgate to Newgate, 66. perches, from Newgate in the weſt to Ludgate, 42. perches, in all 513. perches of aſſize. From Ludgate againe to the Fleete dike, weſt, about 60. perches: from Fleete bridge ſouth to the riuer of Thames, aboute 70. perches, and ſo the totall of theſe perches amounteth to 643. euery perch, conſiſting of 5. yeardes and a halfe, which do yeelde 3536. yardes and a halfe, conteyning 10608 foote, which make vp two engliſh miles and more by 608. foote.

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