The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London Janelle Jenstad Author Kim McLean-Fiander Author Janelle Jenstad Conceptor Martin Holmes Conceptor Kim McLean-Fiander Copy Editor Data Manager Tye Landels Junior Programmer Joey Takeda Programmer Martin Holmes Associate Project Director Kim McLean-Fiander Project Director Janelle Jenstad The Map of Early Modern Londonhttp://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/includes.xmlVictoria, BC, Canada
Department of English P.O.Box 3070 STNC CSC University of Victoria Victoria, BC Canada V8W 3W1
2016University of Victoria978-1-55058-519-3 Janelle Jenstad london@uvic.ca

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 Provider: University of Victoria Database: The Map of Early Modern London Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8" TY - ELEC A1 - Jenstad, Janelle A1 - McLean-Fiander, Kim ED - Jenstad, Janelle T1 - The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London T2 - The Map of Early Modern London ET - 7.0 PY - 2022 DA - 2022/05/05 CY - Victoria PB - University of Victoria LA - English UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/gazetteer_about.htm UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/gazetteer_about.xml ER - Jenstad, Janelle, and Kim McLean-Fiander. The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/gazetteer_about.htm. Jenstad, Janelle, and Kim McLean-Fiander. The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/gazetteer_about.htm. Jenstad, J., & McLean-Fiander, K. 2022. The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London. In J. Jenstad (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/gazetteer_about.htm. Born digital. Carlin, Martha, and Victor Belcher. Gazetteer to the c.1270 and c.1520 Maps with Historical Notes. The British Atlas of Historic Towns. Vol. 3. The City of London From Prehistoric Times to c.1520. Ed. Mary D. Lobel and W.H. Johns. Oxford: Oxford UP in conjunction with The Historic Towns Trust, 1989. Print. [Also available online at British Historic Towns Atlas. Gazetteer part 1. Gazetteer part 2. Gazetteer part 3.] Ekwall, Eilert. Street-Names of the City of London. Oxford: Clarendon, 1965. Print. Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford UP. https://www.oed.com/. Cheapside Street

Cheapside Street, one of the most important streets in early modern London, ran east-west between the Great Conduit at the foot of Old Jewry to the Little Conduit by St. Paul’s churchyard. The terminus of all the northbound streets from the river, the broad expanse of Cheapside Street separated the northern wards from the southern wards. It was lined with buildings three, four, and even five stories tall, whose shopfronts were open to the light and set out with attractive displays of luxury commodities (Weinreb and Hibbert 148). Cheapside Street was the centre of London’s wealth, with many mercers’ and goldsmiths’ shops located there. It was also the most sacred stretch of the processional route, being traced both by the linear east-west route of a royal entry and by the circular route of the annual mayoral procession.

(CHEA2.xml)

The Julian calendar, in use in the British Empire until September 1752. This calendar is used for dates where the date of the beginning of the year is ambigious.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year regularized to beginning on 1 January.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year beginning on 25 March. This was the calendar used in the British Empire until September 1752.

The Gregorian calendar, used in the British Empire from September 1752. Sometimes referred to as New Style (NS). Years run from January 1 through December 31.

The Anno Mundi (year of the world) calendar is based on the supposed date of the creation of the world, which is calculated from Biblical sources. At least two different creation dates are in common use. See Anno Mundi (Wikipedia).

Regnal dates are given as the number of years into the reign of a particular monarch. Our practice is to tag such dates with calendar=regnal, and provide an equivalent date using a more systematic calendar (usually Julian) in a custom dating attribute.

 Joey Takeda Joey Takeda JT

Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.

 Tye Landels-Gruenewald Tye Landels-Gruenewald TLG

Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.

 Kim McLean-Fiander Kim McLean-Fiander KMF

Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.

 Janelle Jenstad Janelle Jenstad JJ

Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).

 Martin D. Holmes Martin D. Holmes MDH

Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.

Most MoEML documents, or significant fragments with xml:id attributes, can be addressed using the mol: prefix and accessed through the web application with their id + .xml.

The molagas prefix points to the shape representation of a location on MoEML’s OpenLayers3-based rendering of the Agas Map.

Links to page-images in the Chadwyck-Healey Early English Books Online (EEBO) repository. Note that this is a subscription service, and may not be accessible to those accessing it from locations outside member institutions.

Links to page-images in the English Broadside Ballad Archive (EBBA).

The mdt (MoEML Document Type) prefix used on catRef/target points to a central taxonomy in the includes file.

The mdtlist (MoEML Document Type listing) prefix used in linking attributes points to a listings page constructed from a category in the central MDT taxonomy in the includes file. There are two variants, one with the plain xml:id of the category, meaning all documents in the specified category, and one with the suffix _subcategories, meaning all subcategories of the category.

The molgls (MoEML gloss) prefix used on term/corresp points to a a glossary entry in the GLOSS1.xml file.

This molvariant prefix is used on ref/target attributes during automated generation of gazetteer index files. It points to an element in the generated variant spellings listing file which lists all documents which contain a particular spelling variant for a location.

This molajax prefix is used on ref/target attributes during the static build process, to specify links which point to MoEML resources which should not be loaded into the source page during standalone processing; instead, these should be turned into links to the XML source documents, and at HTML page load time, these should be turned into AJAX calls. This is to handle the scenario in which a page such as an A-Z index of the whole site would end up containing virtually the whole site inside itself.

The molstow prefix is used on facs attributes to link to the HCMC verison of the Stow facsimiles. Usually the first group is the year (1633) and then last is the image number (0001).

The molshows prefix is used on facs attributes to link to the copies of page-images from mayoral shows stored in the london account on the HCMC server. The first group is the year (1633), the second is the source repository, and then last is the image file name.

The sb prefix is used on ref/target attributes to link to Stow’s Books URLs at UToronto.

Our editorial and encoding practices are documented in detail in the Praxis section of our website.

Author A person or organization chiefly responsible for the intellectual or artistic content of a work, usually printed text. This term may also be used when more than one person or body bears such responsibility. MoEML uses the term author to designate a contributor who is wholly or partly responsible for the original content of either a born-digital document, such as an encyclopedia entry, or a primary source document, such as a MoEML Library text. Conceptor A person or organization responsible for the original idea on which a work is based, this includes the scientific author of an audio-visual item and the conceptor of an advertisement. MoEML uses the term conceptor to designate any person or organization responsible for envisioning the design, structure, or general function of a page or project within MoEML. We use this term to give credit to early contributors whose work has been substantially revised and replaced, or contributors who provided input or inspiration on some aspect of the design, structure, and/or implementation of a project within MoEML. Acceptable names for this role are conceptor or originator. Data manager A person or organization responsible for managing databases or other data sources. MoEML uses the term data manager to designate contributors who maintain and manage our databases. They add and update the data sent to us by external contributors or found by MoEML team members. They also monitor journals and sources regularly to ensure that our databases are current. Project director A person or organization with primary responsibility for all essential aspects of a project, or that manages a very large project that demands senior level responsibility, or that has overall responsibility for managing projects, or provides overall direction to a project manager. MoEML’s Project Director directs the intellectual and scholarly aspects of the project, consults with the Advisory and Editorial Boards, and ensures the ongoing funding of the project. Programmer A person or organization responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation. MoEML uses the term programmer to designate a person or organization responsible for the creation and/or maintenance of computer program design documents, source code, and machine-executable digital files and supporting documentation. Research team head A person who directed or managed a research project. MoEML uses the terms research term head and assistant project manager interchangeably. Copy editor MoEML uses the term copy editor to designate the person who brings the document into conformity with MoEML stylistic and citational practice. Acceptable names for this role are copy editor, principal copy editor, secondary copy editor, or copy editor of a particular section of text. Added sourceDesc information for born-digital documents. Standardized respStmts for JENS1, MCFI1, and HOLM3 and added TAKE1 as Junior Programmer. Added XInclude for listPrefixDef in the header. Added link to Historic Towns Atlas Revised page and added links. Wrote description of gazetteer. Created this file. The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London

Go directly to the alphabetized gazetteer.

We provide a downloadable GeoJSON version of the MoEML gazetteer with full GIS coordinates and all name variants (raw JSON, zip).

What is a Gazetteer?

A gazetteer is a geographical index or dictionary (<ref type="bibl" target="#OEDI1">OED</ref> gazetteer, n.3.). The Alexandria Digital Library project defines the minimum components of a gazetteer entry as (1) a geographic name, (2) a geographic location represented by coordinates, and (3) a type designation. The British Historic Towns Atlas project defines a gazetteer as a list of names (of buildings, streets, etc.) complete with some form of information about each place. In its simplest form, it is a listing of map names with a map reference—for example, a town’s latitude and longitude or its map grid-reference as listed at the end of a reference atlas (What is a Gazetteer?). The MoEML Gazetteer of Early Modern London is a descriptive gazetteer in that each place is linked to an Encyclopedia page with a thick description of place.

Why do we Need a Gazetteer of Early Modern London?

Until now, there has been no digital gazetteer and authority list for placenames in early modern London. Our gazetteer offers a standard for placenames ca. 1550-1650.For an analogue scholarly gazetteer of placenames ca. 1520, see the Gazetteer to c. 1270 and c. 1520 Maps (Carlin and Belcher), an extraordinary compendium of research first published in Vol. III of The British Atlas of Historic Towns series, The City of London from Prehistoric Times to <emph>c.</emph> 1520, and now helpfully available online in three .pdf files. Such a standard enables interoperability across digital projects that include early modern London placenames. Shakeosphere and DEEP have already used our gazetteer to identify toponyms in their data and link to MoEML. We hope that other scholars, editors, and researchers will adopt these authority names in secondary criticism, in modernized editions of early texts, and in datasets that include a geographic component.

The gazetteer also allows us to aggregate many variant names that have been given to a place. We define place as a space that has been made meaningful by human activity or observation. The existence of a toponym is one sign that space has become place. Furthermore, toponyms often preserve a memory of why a place is significant. Thus, toponyms are intrinsically interesting to scholars of language, history, and onomastics (the study of the origin of proper names).

What is the MoEML Gazetteer?

The MoEML Gazetteer has six components, organized into sortable columns:

Variant Toponym: Each variant toponym (i.e., name for a place) — whether a variant spelling or an alternate name — has its own row in the alphabetical table. The variants come from our born-digital encyclopedia entries, our library of diplomatic transcriptions, and our diplomatic transcription of John Stow’s 1598 A Survey of London (currently in draft, viewable upon request). As our library and database grow, the number of variants will also increase. If the toponym you wish to identify is not in our gazetteer, please contact us. (See search tips below.) Authority Name: An authority name is the generally recognized or standard name we use for a place. The authority name is historically specific. Our practice is to identify the name most commonly in use around 1598-1603 (the dates of the first and second editions of Stow’s Survey) and to render it in modernized spelling.The authority name that appears in the gazetteer is drawn from the title element in our Placeography XML files. We use the authority name as the titles for the entries in the Placeography. Click on the authority name to go directly to the Placeography entry. xml:id: Each place has a single xml:id. All alternate names and variant spellings for a single place are tagged with the same xml:id, which allows us to aggregate and correlate all of those variants consistently, uniquely, and unambiguously. The xml:id is project specific and points to a space. The authority placename for that space may change over time, but our xml:id will not. However, if other projects adopt our xml:ids, or embed them in their encoding, interoperability between projects becomes easier.The Internet Shakespeare Editions tags London toponyms using our xml:ids with the ISE ilink element, the attribute component with the value geo, and a target that embeds our xml:id. For example, the ISE’s ilink type="geo" href="mol:CHEA2" allows us to harvest or point to the mention of Cheapside in an ISE text. The xml:id is also part of the unique URL of each location file in the Placeography. Click on the xml:id to go directly to the Placeography entry. Agas Map Reference: Clicking on Agas map will automatically take you to the place on the map. If the Agas map column is empty, we have not yet added geo-coordinates for that place. It is worth checking back from time to time, as updating geo-coordinates is one of our ongoing tasks. If you know the location of a place that has not had geo-coordinates added to it, please let us know. You can do this easily by drawing on the map yourself and emailing us a bookmarked version of your drawing; just follow the instructions here: Add MoEML Locations to the Agas Map. Other Variant Names and Spellings: The variants are dynamically aggregated from every item that has been tagged with a single xml:id. The variants come from our born-digital encyclopedia entries, our library of diplomatic transcriptions, and our diplomatic transcription of John Stow’s 1598 A Survey of London (currently in draft, viewable upon request). As our library and database grow, the number of variants will also increase. Location Type: This column lists the category to which the location belongs in the Placeography, such as church, street, site, or ward.
How to Use the MoEML Gazetteer
Research Questions

The Gazetteer enables the following research questions:

To what place does a particular toponym refer? If you find a toponym in a manuscript or printed text, search for the toponym alphabetically in the first column. (See search tips below.) What placename should I use in my book, encyclopedia entry, or critical article? In order to create consistency across printed texts and interoperability across digital projects, we recommend you use our authority name for London placenames from the early modern period. Where is a place? Click on the Agas Map column to view the place on the map. Click on the Authority Name or the MoEML id to go directly to the description in our Placeography. Does MoEML have further information about this place? Click on the Authority Name or the MoEML id to go directly to the description in our Placeography. Some locations have GIS coordinates and an embedded GoogleMap.
Search Tips If you are searching for a toponym that begins with W in your source text, look under V as well as W. If you are searching for a toponym that begins with U in your source text, look under U and V. If you are searching for a toponym that begins with V in your source text, look under V and U. If you are searching for a toponym that begins with I in your source text, look under I and J. If you are searching for a toponym that begins with J in your source text, look under J and I.
FAQs How should I regularize a placename spelling in my edition? If you are producing a modern-spelling edition, we recommend that you regularize the placename according to your own editorial guidelines. (Note that the texts in MoEML’s library are diplomatic transcriptions. So far, we have not produced modern-spelling editions, which means that modernized spellings for the non-authority variant forms will not appear in our gazetteer. Only the authority name is modernized in our gazetteer.) How did you determine the authority name and standard spelling? In some cases, the placename has remained consistent for centuries (e.g., Cheapside). In other cases, we have turned to Ekwall or other secondary sources. In special cases, we explain our rationale for the authority name in the Placeography entry.
Contribute to the MoEML Gazetteer

The more name variants — whether a variant spelling or an alternate name — the gazetteer includes, the more useful it will become as a tool for researchers. Thus, if you come across a variant for a London placename that we have not yet included in our list of variants, please contact us, and we’ll add it to the gazetteer.

Adopt MoEML’s Authority Names in Your Project

As mentioned above, we are the first project to produce a gazetteer for early modern London. By creating a standard for placenames, we allow for greater interoperability across digital projects that include a geographic component on early modern London. We recommend that you adopt our authority names in your project, whether it is a piece of secondary criticism, an edition of an early text, or a digital project. Email us, if you have any questions about how to do this.

We are interested in working with other projects to embed our gazetteer as a geocoding tool. Please contact Project Director, Janelle Jenstad, if you have a large data set and/or want to use our gazetteer for data mining toponyms.