St. Mary Axe

St. Mary Axe Author Neil Adams Toponymist Janelle Jenstad Encoder Michael Stevens Copy Editor Cameron Butt Data Manager Tye Landels Junior Programmer Joey Takeda Programmer Martin Holmes Associate Project Director Kim McLean-Fiander Project Director Janelle Jenstad The Map of Early Modern Londonhttp://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/includes.xmlVictoria, BC, Canada

Department of English P.O.Box 3070 STNC CSC University of Victoria Victoria, BC Canada V8W 3W1

2016University of Victoria978-1-55058-519-3 Janelle Jenstad london@uvic.ca

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TY  - ELEC
A1  - Adams, Neil
ED  - Jenstad, Janelle
T1  - St. Mary Axe
T2  - The Map of Early Modern London
ET  - 7.0
PY  - 2022
DA  - 2022/05/05
CY  - Victoria
PB  - University of Victoria
LA  - English
UR  - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/STMA41.htm
UR  - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/STMA41.xml
ER  -

Adams, Neil. St. Mary Axe The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by Janelle Jenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/STMA41.htm. Adams, Neil. St. Mary Axe The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. Janelle Jenstad. Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/STMA41.htm. Adams, N. 2022. St. Mary Axe In J. Jenstad (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/STMA41.htm. Stub written by Neil Adams, 2011. Edited by Janelle Jenstad, 2012-06. Copy edited by Cameron Butt, 2012-06-11. Reviewed by Janelle Jenstad, 2012-06-19 Harben, Henry A. A Dictionary of London. London: Herbert Jenkins, 1918. [Available digitally from British History Online: https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/dictionary-of-london.] Stow, John. A Survey of London. Reprinted from the Text of 1603. Ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1908. Remediated by British History Online. [Kingsford edition, courtesy of The Centre for Metropolitan History. Articles written after 2011 cite from this searchable transcription.] St. Mary Axe Street

St. Mary Axe ran north-south from the church of St. Augustine Papey to Leadenhall Street. Stow remarks that the east side of the street belonged to Aldgate Ward, while the west side lay within the boundary of Lime Street Ward (Stow). It was named after the church of St. Mary Axe, located near the northwest corner of the street.

(STMA7.xml) Lime Street Ward

Lime Street Ward is west of Aldgate Ward. The ward is named after its principle street, Lime Street, which takes its name from the making or ſelling of Lime there, according to Stow (Stow 1603).

(LIME1.xml) St. Helen’s (Bishopsgate)

St. Helen’s was a priory of Benedictine nuns located in Bishopsgate Ward between St. Mary Axe Street and Bishopsgate Street. St. Helen’s is visible on the Agas map with the label S. Elen written in the churchyard. Stow and Harben inform us that the priory was set up in 1212 by William Basing, the dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Stow; Harben).

(STHE1.xml) St. Andrew Undershaft

St. Andrew Undershaft stands at the southeast corner of St. Mary Axe Street in Aldgate Ward.The church of St. Andrew Undershaft is the final resting place of John Stow.

(STAN8.xml) The reign of Henry VIII The first year of Henry VIII’s reign. The second year of Henry VIII’s reign. The third year of Henry VIII’s reign. The fourth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The fifth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The sixth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The seventh year of Henry VIII’s reign. The eighth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The ninth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The tenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The eleventh year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twelfth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The fourteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The fifteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The sixteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The seventeenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The eighteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The nineteenth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twentieth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-first year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-second year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-third year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-fourth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-fifth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-sixth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-seventh year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-eigth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The twenty-ninth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirtieth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-first year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-second year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-third year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-fourth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-fifth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-sixth year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-seventh year of Henry VIII’s reign. The thirty-eigth year of Henry VIII’s reign.

The church of St. Mary Axe was a church on the west side of St. Mary Axe Street in Lime Street Ward. Stow asserts the church’s full name and dedication was S. Marie the virgine, Saint Vrsula, and the 11000. Virgins and believed that its common name, St. Mary Axe, derived from a sign near the church’s east side (Stow). However, a document written during the reign of Henry VIII suggests a different history of its name. The church, dedicated to 11,000 martyred virgins, supposedly contained the three axes that were used in their executions (Harben).

The Julian calendar, in use in the British Empire until September 1752. This calendar is used for dates where the date of the beginning of the year is ambigious.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year regularized to beginning on 1 January.

The Julian calendar with the calendar year beginning on 25 March. This was the calendar used in the British Empire until September 1752.

The Gregorian calendar, used in the British Empire from September 1752. Sometimes referred to as New Style (NS). Years run from January 1 through December 31.

The Anno Mundi (year of the world) calendar is based on the supposed date of the creation of the world, which is calculated from Biblical sources. At least two different creation dates are in common use. See Anno Mundi (Wikipedia).

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Joey Takeda Joey Takeda JT

Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.

Tye Landels-Gruenewald Tye Landels-Gruenewald TLG

Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.

Michael Stevens Michael Stevens MS

Research Assistant, 2012-2013. Michael Stevens began his MA at Trinity College Dublin and then transferred to the University of Victoria, where he completed it in early 2013. His research focused on transnational modernism and geospatial considerations of literature. He prepared a digital map of James Joyce’s Ulysses for his MA project. Michael was a talented photographer and was responsible for taking most of the MoEML team photographs appearing on this site.

Cameron Butt Cameron Butt CB

Research Assistant, 2012–2013. Cameron Butt completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2013. He minored in French and has a keen interest in Shakespeare, film, media studies, popular culture, and the geohumanities.

Neil Adams Neil Adams NA

Research Assistant, 2010–2011. Neil Adams completed a BA (first class honours) in History at the University of Kent, Canterbury (UK) in 2008, and an MA in History at the University of Victoria in 2010. His MA paper analyzed the historiography of Canadian conscripts during the Second World War. A keen historian of early modern London, Neil Adams was responsible for redrawing the ward boundaries on the Agas Map.

Kim McLean-Fiander Kim McLean-Fiander KMF

Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge digital humanities project at the University of Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor. She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.

Janelle Jenstad Janelle Jenstad JJ

Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage, The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names: Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies (Routledge, 2018).

Martin D. Holmes Martin D. Holmes MDH

Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.

Henry VIII Henry VIII King of England King of Ireland

King of England and Ireland 1509-1547.

ODNB Wikipedia John Stow John Stow

Historian and author of A Survey of London. Husband of Elizabeth Stow.

MoEML ODNB Wikipedia

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St. Mary Axe

The church of St. Mary Axe was a church on the west side of St. Mary Axe Street in Lime Street Ward. Stow asserts the church’s full name and dedication was S. Marie the virgine, Saint Vrsula, and the 11000. Virgins and believed that its common name, St. Mary Axe, derived from a sign near the church’s east side (Stow). However, a document written during the reign of Henry VIII suggests a different history of its name. The church, dedicated to 11,000 martyred virgins, supposedly contained the three axes that were used in their executions (Harben).

The church dates from the twelfth century and belonged to the Priory of St. Helens. St. Mary Axe was given to Spanish Protestant refugees in 1562. Three years later, with the church in disrepair and no services taking place, it was suppressed and given to the parish of St. Andrew Undershaft (Harben). Stow notes that after its suppression, the church was letten out to bee a warehouse for a Marchant (Stow).

St. Mary Axe is drawn on the Agas map near the northwest corner of St. Mary Axe Street south and east of two garden plots. Interestingly, the bell tower is drawn east of the nave. This placement is a mistake; a bell tower would never be further east than the church’s chancel. The chancel is the most sacred part of a church, where the bread and wine for communion is sanctified. No part of the church should be further east, closer to Jerusalem, than this holy place. Having a bell tower east of the chancel would also be impractical. If the church had an east window, the bell tower would block out the light, making the stained glass window dull and indistinct. The bell tower is also shown at the location of the church’s entrance. To enter through the chancel, where only the clergy are permitted, would be contrary to church practice and doctrine.