Anne of DenmarkAuthor2018Courtney ThomasToponymist2018Courtney ThomasToponymist2018Tye Landels-GruenewaldEncoder2018Tye Landels-GruenewaldMarkup Editor2021Kate LeBerePeer Reviewer2018Mara WadeData ManagerTye Landels-GruenewaldJunior ProgrammerJoey TakedaProgrammerMartin HolmesAssociate Project DirectorKim McLean-FianderProject DirectorJanelle JenstadThe Map of Early Modern Londonhttp://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/includes.xmlVictoria, BC, CanadaDepartment of EnglishP.O.Box 3070 STNC CSCUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, BCCanadaV8W 3W12016University of Victoria978-1-55058-519-3Janelle Jenstadlondon@uvic.ca
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Database: The Map of Early Modern London
Content: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
TY - ELEC
A1 - Thomas, Courtney
ED - Jenstad, Janelle
T1 - Anne of Denmark
T2 - The Map of Early Modern London
ET - 7.0
PY - 2022
DA - 2022/05/05
CY - Victoria
PB - University of Victoria
LA - English
UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/ANNE5.htm
UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/ANNE5.xml
ER - Thomas, CourtneyErin. Anne of Denmark. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0, edited by JanelleJenstad, U of Victoria, 05 May 2022, mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/ANNE5.htm.Thomas, CourtneyErin. Anne of Denmark. The Map of Early Modern London, Edition 7.0. Ed. JanelleJenstad. Victoria: University of Victoria. Accessed May 05, 2022. mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/ANNE5.htm.Thomas, C.E.2022. Anne of Denmark. In J.Jenstad (Ed), The Map of Early Modern London (Edition 7.0). Victoria: University of Victoria. Retrieved from https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/editions/7.0/ANNE5.htm.
Anne (or Anna, as she referred to herself) was the consort of King James VI and I of Scotland and England. Born in 1574, the daughter of the King of Denmark, she wed James in 1589 and became Queen of Scotland. Following the death of Elizabeth I in 1602 and James’ succession to the throne, she also became Queen of England and remained so until her death in 1618. While Anne’s cultural achievements at the English and Scottish courts have been recognized, particularly her extensive involvement with masquing and patronage of the arts, only in recent years has more attention been paid to her equally significant political contributions.
Kate LeBereKateLeBere
KL
Project Manager, 2020-2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019-2020. Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. She published papers in
The Corvette (2018), The Albatross (2019), and PLVS VLTRA (2020) and presented at the English Undergraduate Conference (2019), Qualicum History Conference (2020), and the Digital Humanities Summer Institute’s Project Management in the Humanities Conference (2021). While her primary research focus was sixteenth and seventeenth century England, she completed her honours thesis on Soviet ballet during the Russian Cultural Revolution. During her time at MoEML, Kate made significant contributions to the 1598 and 1633 editions of Stow’s Survey of London, old-spelling anthology of mayoral shows, and old-spelling library texts. She authored the MoEML’s first Project Management Manual and quickstart guidelines for new employees and helped standardize the Personography and Bibliography. She is currently a student at the University of British Columbia’s iSchool, working on her masters in library and information science.
Joey TakedaJoeyTakeda
JT
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017.
Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department
of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English
(with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary
research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature,
critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.
Katie TanigawaKatieTanigawa
KT
Project Manager, 2015-2019. Katie Tanigawa was a doctoral candidate at the University
of Victoria. Her dissertation focused on representations of poverty in Irish modernist
literature. Her additional research interests included geospatial analyses of modernist
texts and digital humanities approaches to teaching and analyzing literature.
Tye Landels-GruenewaldTyeLandels-Gruenewald
TLG
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate
honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.
Kim McLean-FianderKimMcLean-Fiander
KMF
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015.
Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes
to
The Map of Early Modern London from the Cultures of Knowledge
digital humanities project at the University of
Oxford, where she was the editor of Early Modern Letters Online, an open-access union
catalogue and editorial interface for correspondence from the sixteenth to eighteenth
centuries. She is currently Co-Director of a sister project to EMLO called Women’s Early Modern Letters Online (WEMLO). In the past, she held an internship with the
curator of manuscripts at the Folger Shakespeare
Library, completed a doctorate at Oxford on
paratext and early modern women writers, and worked a number of years for the Bodleian Libraries and as a freelance editor.
She has a passion for rare books and manuscripts as social and material artifacts, and is
interested in the development of digital resources that will improve access to these
materials while ensuring their ongoing preservation and conservation. An avid traveler, Kim
has always loved both London and maps, and so is particularly delighted to be able to bring
her early modern scholarly expertise to bear on the MoEML project.
Janelle JenstadJanelleJenstad
JJ
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director
of
The Map of Early Modern London, and PI of Linked Early Modern Drama Online. She has taught at Queen’s University, the Summer
Academy at the Stratford Festival, the University of Windsor, and the University of
Victoria. With Jennifer Roberts-Smith and Mark Kaethler, she co-edited Shakespeare’s Language in Digital Media (Routledge). She has prepared a documentary edition of John Stow’s A
Survey of London (1598 text) for MoEML and is currently editing The Merchant of Venice (with Stephen Wittek) and Heywood’s 2 If
You Know Not Me You Know Nobody for DRE. Her articles have appeared in Digital Humanities Quarterly, Renaissance and
Reformation,Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies,
Early Modern Literary Studies, Elizabethan
Theatre, Shakespeare Bulletin: A Journal of Performance
Criticism, and The Silver Society Journal. Her book
chapters have appeared (or will appear) in Institutional Culture in Early
Modern Society (Brill, 2004), Shakespeare, Language and the Stage,
The Fifth Wall: Approaches to Shakespeare from Criticism, Performance and Theatre
Studies (Arden/Thomson Learning, 2005), Approaches to Teaching
Othello (Modern Language Association, 2005), Performing Maternity
in Early Modern England (Ashgate, 2007), New Directions in the
Geohumanities: Art, Text, and History at the Edge of Place (Routledge, 2011), Early
Modern Studies and the Digital Turn (Iter, 2016), Teaching Early Modern
English Literature from the Archives (MLA, 2015), Placing Names:
Enriching and Integrating Gazetteers (Indiana, 2016), Making
Things and Drawing Boundaries (Minnesota, 2017), and Rethinking
Shakespeare’s Source Study: Audiences, Authors, and Digital Technologies
(Routledge, 2018).
Mara WadeMaraWade
MW
Courtney ThomasCourtneyErinThomas
CET
Courtney Erin Thomas is an Edmonton-based historian of early modern Britain and Europe.
She received her PhD in history and renaissance studies from Yale University (2012) and has previously taught at Yale and MacEwan University. Her work
has appeared in several scholarly journals and on the websites
Aeon
and Executed Today, and her monograph If I
Lose Mine Honour I Lose Myself: Honour Among the Early Modern English
Elite was published by the University of Toronto Press in 2017.
Martin D. HolmesMartinD.Holmes
MDH
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC).
Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database
implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project
and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on
MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.
Dudley CarletonDudleyCarleton10 March 1574/7515 February 1632/33
First Earl of Somerset. Favourite of James VI and I.
ODNBWikipediaCharles ICharlesIKing of EnglandKing of ScotlandKing of Irelandthe Martyr1600/011649/50
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1625-1649.
ODNBWikipediaLady Anne CliffordLadyAnneClifford30 January 1590/9122 March 1676/77
Countess of Pembroke, Dorset, and Montgomery.
ODNBWikipediaElizabeth IElizabethIQueen of EnglandQueen of IrelandGlorianaGood Queen Bess1533-09-171603-03-24
Queen of England and Ireland 1558-1603.
ODNBEBWikipediaElizabeth Stuart of BohemiaElizabethStuartQueen of Bohemia1596/971662/63
Queen of Bohemia 1619-1620. Daughter of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark. Sister of Charles I
and Henry Frederick.
EBODNBWikipediaZorzi GuistinianZorziGuistinian
Venetian ambassador in the court of James VI and I.
Henry VIIIHenryVIIIKing of EnglandKing of Ireland1491-07-0728 January 1547/48
King of England and Ireland 1509-1547.
ODNBWikipediaHenry FrederickHenryFrederick19 February 1594/951612-11-16
Prince of Wales. Son of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark. Brother of Charles I
and Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia. Died of typhoid fever at the
age of eighteen.
ODNBWikipediaGeorge HeriotGeorgeHeriot1563-06-2512 February 1624/25
Jeweller and philanthropist. Husband of Alison
Heriot.
EBWikipediaRudolf II of HabsburgRudolfIIKing of BohemiaKing of GermanyHoly Roman Emperor1552-07-2820 January 1612/13
King of Bohemia 1576–1611. King of Germany 1575–1612.
Holy Roman Emperor 1576-1612.
EBWikipediaFrederick II of DenmarkFrederickIIKing of DenmarkKing of Norway1534-07-111588-04-14
King of Denmark and Norway 1559-1588. Husband of Sophie of
Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Father of Anne of Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark, and Elizabeth of
Denmark.
EBWikipediaSophie of Mecklenburg-GüstrowSophieQueen consort of DenmarkQueen consort of Norway1557-09-141631-10-24
Queen of Denmark and Norway 1572–1588. Wife of Frederick II
of Denmark. Mother of Anne of Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark, and Elizabeth of
Denmark.
WikipediaAnne of DenmarkAnneQueen consort of ScotlandQueen consort of EnglandQueen consort of Ireland1574-12-121619-03-02
Queen consort of Scotland 1589–1619. Queen consort of England and Ireland 1603–1619. Wife of James VI and
I. Daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Sister of Christian IV of Denmark, Elizabeth of Denmark, and
Ulric of Denmark.
MoEMLODNBWikipediaChristian IV of DenmarkChristianIVKing of DenmarkKing of Norway1577-04-2228 February 1648/49
King of Denmark and Norway 1588-1648. Son of Frederick II of
Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Brother of
Anne of Denmark, Elizabeth of
Denmark, and Ulric of Denmark.
EBWikipediaElizabeth of DenmarkElizabeth1573-09-041625-07-29
Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Wife of Heinrich Julius.
Daughter of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Sister of Anne of
Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark, and Ulric of Denmark.
Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Husband of Elizabeth of Denmark.
EBWikipediaUlric of DenmarkUlricBishop of Schleswig1579-01-091624-04-06
Bishop of Schleswig 1602–1624. Son of Frederick II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Brother of Anne
of Denmark, Christian IV of Denmark, and Elizabeth of Denmark.
WikipediaLady Margaret StuartLadyMargaretStuart1599-01-03August 1600/01
Daughter of James VI and I and Anne of
Denmark. Died in infancy.
Princess of England and Scotland. Daughter of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark.
Died in infancy.
WikipediaRobert StuartRobertStuart18 January 1602/031602-06-06
Duke of Kintyre. Son of James VI and I and Anne of Denmark. Died in infancy.
WikipediaFrederick V of the PalatinateFrederickV1596-09-051632-12-09
Elector Palatinate of the Rhine. Husband of Elizabeth Stuart of
Bohemia.
EBWikipediaHenry StuartHenryStuartKing of Scotland1545-12-179 February 1567/68-10 February 1567/68
Lord Darnley. King of Scotland 1565–1567. Husband of Mary, Queen
of Scots. Father of James VI and I.
EBWikipediaAnne Lyon (née Murray)AnneLyonMurray1579/8027 February 1618/19
Countess of Kinghorne. Alleged mistress of James VI and
I.
WikipediaPaul van SomerPaulvan Somer1577/781621/22-5 January 1622/23
Flemish painter. Active in the court of James VI and I.
ODNBWikipediaSimon van de PasseSimonvan de Passe1595/961647/48
Dutch engraver. Active in the court of James VI and I.
EBBritish MuseumMarcus Gheeraerts the YoungerMarcusGheeraertsthe Younger1561/62-1562/6319 January 1636/37
Flemish painter. Active in the courts of Elizabeth I and
James VI and I.
ODNBWikipediaCouncil of the Regency
The Council of the Regency was
established by King James VI and I in 1617 to govern England while he visited
Scotland.
Parliament of England
The Parliament of England was a
legislative branch of the Kingdom of England, founded
by William the Conquerer in 1066.
Born digital.James VI and I. Letters of King James VI and I. Ed. G.P.V. Akrigg. Berkeley: U of California P, 1984. Print.Barroll, Leeds. Anna of
Denmark, Queen of England: A Cultural Biography. Philadelphia: U of
Pennsylvania P, 2001. Print.Barroll, Leeds. Theatre
as Text: The Case of Queen Anna and the Jacobean Court Masque. The Elizabethan Theatre 14 (1991): 175–193.
Bergeron, David M.King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire. Iowa City: U of
Iowa P, 1999. Print. Bergeron, David M.King James’s Civic Pageant and Parliamentary Speech in March
1604. Albion 34.2 (2002):
213–231. doi:10.2307/4053700. Carleton, Dudley. Letter
to John Chamberlain, 7 January 1605. Dudley Carleton to John
Chamberlain, 1603–1624: Jacobean Letters. Ed. Maurice Lee Jr.
New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 1972. 55. Clifford, Anne. The
Diaries of Lady Anne Clifford. Ed. D.J.H. Clifford. London:
Alan Sutton, 1990.Cuddy, Neil. The Revival of the Entourage: The
Bedchamber of James I, 1603–1625. The English Court: From the
Wars of the Roses to the Civil War. Ed. David Starkey.
London: Longman, 1987. Print. Daniel,
Samuel. The Vision of the 12 Goddesses, Presented in
a Maske the 8 of January, at Hampton Court by the Queenes Most Excellent Majestie, and
her Ladies. London: T. C. for Simon Waterson, 1604. STC 6265.Fields, Jemma. The Wardrobe Goods of Anna of Denmark,
Queen Consort of Scotland and England (1574–1619). Costume 51.1 (2017): 3–27. doi:10.3366/cost.2017.0003. Giustinian, Zorzi. Letter
to the Doge and Senate, 24 January 1608. Calendar of State
Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and
Collections of Venice, and in Other Libraries of Northern Italy. Ed. Rawdon Brown, G. Cavendish Bentinck, H.F.
Brown, and A.B. Hinds. Vol. 11. London: Longman, 1947. 86. Print.Goldberg, Jonathan. James I and the Politics of
Literature: Jonson, Shakespeare, Donne, and Their Contemporaries. Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins UP, 1983. Print. Goldberg, Jonathan. James I and the Theatre of
Conscience. ELH 46.3 (1979):
379–398. doi:10.2307/2872686.Jonson,
Ben. The First, of Blacknesse, Personated at the
Court, at White-hall, on the Twelfth Night, 1605. The
Characters of Two Royall Masques: The One of Blacknesse, the Other of Beautie.
Personated by the Most Magnificent of Queenes Anne Queene of Great Britaine, &c.
with her Honorable Ladyes, 1605 and 1608 at White-hall. London : For Thomas
Thorp, and are to be Sold at the Signe of the Tigers Head in Paules Church-yard, 1608.
Sig. A3r-C2r. STC 14761.Lemon, Robert and Mary Anne Everett Green, eds. Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary,
Elizabeth, and James I, 1547–1625. Vol. 8. London: Longman, 1872. Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer. Writing Women in Jacobean
England. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1993. Print. Nichols, John Gough. The Progresses, Processions, and
Magnificent Festivities of King James the First, His Royal Consort, Family, and
Court. 4 vols. New York: Burt Franklin, 1967. Print. Parry, Graham. The Politics of the Jacobean
Masque. Theatre and Government under the Early
Stuarts. Ed. J.R. Mulryne and Margaret
Shewring. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. Parry, Graham. The Golden Age Restor’d: The Culture of
the Stuart Court, 1603–1642. New York: St. Martin’s, 1981. Print. Pugh, T.B.A Portrait of Queen Anne of Denmark at Parham Park, Sussex.
The Seventeenth Century 8 (1993):
167–180.Reynolds, Anna. In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and
Stuart Fashion. London: Royal Collection Trust, 2013.
Print. Rhodes, Neill, Jennifer Richards, and Joseph
Marshall, eds. King James VI and I: Selected
Writings. By James VI and I.
Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004. Roper, Louis H.Unmasquing the Connections Between Jacobean Politics and Policy: The
Circle of Anna of Denmark and the Beginning of the English Empire, 1614–18.
High and Mighty Queens of Early Modern England: Realities and
Representations. Ed. Carole Levin, Jo Eldridge
Carney, and Debra Barret. New York: Palgrave, 2003. Print. Shephard, Robert. Sexual Rumours in English Politics:
The Cases of Elizabeth I and James I. Desire and Discipline:
Sex in Premodern Europe. Ed. Jacqueline Murray and
Konrad Eisenbichler. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. Print. Stone, Lawrence. The Causes of the English Revolution,
1525–1642. New York: Harper and Row, 1972. Print. Wade, Mara R.The Queen’s Courts: Anna of Denmark and Her Royal Sisters: Cultural
Agency at Four Northern European Courts in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries. Women and Culture at the Courts of the Stuart
Queens. Ed. Clare McManus. New York: Palgrave, 2003. Print. Walker, P., and A. MacDonald, eds. Letters to King James the Sixth from the Queen, Prince Henry, Prince Charles, the
Princess Elizabeth and Her Husband Frederick King of Bohemia, and Their Son Prince
Frederick Henry. Edinburgh: Maitland Club, 1835. Williams, Ethel Carleton. Anne of Denmark: Wife of
James VI of Scotland, James I of England. London: Longman, 1970. Print. Williamson, J.W.The Myth of the Conqueror, Prince Henry Stuart: A Study in
Seventeenth-Century Personation. New York: AMSP, 1978. Print. Wilson, Arthur. The
History of Great Britain, Being the Life and Reign of King James I, Relating to What
Passed From His First Access to the Crown, to His Death. London: Richard Lownds, 1653. Wing 2888.Young, Michael B.King James I and the History of Homosexuality. New York: New
York UP, 2000. Print. Westminster Abbey
Westminster Abbey was and continues to be a historically significant church. One of its many notable features is Poets’ Corner. Located in the south transept of the church, it is the final resting place of Geoffrey Chaucer, Ben Jonson, Francis Beaumont, and many other notable authors; in 1740, a monument for William Shakespeare was erected in Westminster Abbey (ShaLT). The church is located on the bottom-left corner of the Agas map.
(WEST1.xml)
London
The city of London, not to be confused with the allegorical character (London).
(LOND5.xml)
Queen’s House
Information is not yet available.
(QUEE7.xml)
Greenwich
Greenwich Palace was a popular royal residence among the Tudors, specifically during the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Built in 1447 for Humphrey of Lancaster, Greenwich was the first visible sign as the traveller came from the mouth of the Thames in the east towards London (Bold 38). The land was originally the site of an Abbey until 1414 when it reverted back to the crown. In 1426, it was passed to Humphrey of Lancaster, who built the early palace and enclosed the land as a park. The house passed to Henry VI, whose wife, Margaret of Anjou, renamed it the Palace of Placentia or pleasant place. The name Greenwich Palace dates from Elizabeth’s reign. This location was east of the area depicted on the Agas map.
(GREE6.xml)
Somerset House
Somerset House (labelled as Somerſet Palace on the Agas map) was a significant site for royalty in early modern London. Erected in 1550 on the Strand between Ivy Bridge Lane and Strand Lane, it was built for Lord Protector Somerset and was was England’s first Renaissance palace.
(SOME1.xml)
The Strand
Named for its location on the bank of the Thames, the Strand leads outside the City of London from
Temple Bar through what was
formerly the Duchy of Lancaster to Charing
Cross in what was once the city of Westminster. There were three main phases in the
evolution of the Strand in early
modern times: occupation by the bishops, occupation by the nobility, and
commercial development.
(STRA9.xml)
Tower of London
Information is not yet available.
(TOWE5.xml)
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is published by MoEML.Updated legacy encoding.Changed mdt category to Biography.Changed status to published.Reviewed and approved document.Reviewed document and approved it for publication.Encoded and copyedited document.Created document.Anne of Denmark
Anne of Denmark (or Anna, as she referred to herself and signed her correspondence) was the wife of King James VI and I. She was also, and significantly so with respect to assessing the depth of her political networks, the sister of a king (Christian IV), the daughter of a king (Frederick II), the sister of women who all married high-ranking rulers and administrators within the Holy Roman Empire, and the mother of a king and of a queen (Charles I and Elizabeth of Bohemia, respectively). Anne’s prominent familial connections were significant, and her brothers later visited her in England (Ulric, Bishop of Schwerin and Schleswig, in 1604-1605, and Christian IV, King of Denmark, in 1606 and again in 1612).While visiting their sister, both Ulric and Christian engaged their sister and her spouse with respect to political matters. For example, Ulric staged a masque with political undertones and also urged renewal of the war with Spain (see Lemon and Green).Anne was an important cultural patron at both the Scottish and English courts, employing talents like Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones to stage court masques and other entertainments as well as serving as a patron of the arts and establishing a circle of like-minded individuals around her. As queen consort she was also active in politics. Many earlier studies of her life, biographies of her husband, and political histories of the period tend to perpetuate an image of Anne as frivolous and peripheral to Jacobean politics. As Leeds Barroll puts it, there has been a strongly-entrenched scholarly tradition of Anne as shallow, vain, and addicted to ludicrously frivolous activities (Barroll 178-179). This view has been importantly re-evaluated in recent years and Anne’s political contributions have come to be better assessed.See Barroll.
Anne was born 12 December 1574 at Skanderborg Castle. She was the second daughter (of six children) of King Frederick II of Denmark and his wife Sophia. Her younger brother later reigned as Christian IV and her sisters all married other Northern European rulers. Anne spent her formative years with her grandparents and was taught to write in an elegant italic hand in both Danish and German. Later she learned French, Scots, and English (and also employed an Italian tutor). As a child, Anne was exposed to the pageantry of the powerful and sophisticated early modern Danish court, the beginning of a life-long appreciation of the arts. Many members of her immediate family earned reputations for cultural sophistication. When Anne is viewed alongside them, Mara Wade argues, her artistic leanings take on a new significance (Wade 49-80).
In the 1580s, negotiations for a Danish-Scots marriage began. Anne and James were married by proxy in 1589. When Anne’s journey to Scotland was delayed after severe storms forced her to land in Norway, James travelled to collect his bride and the pair arrived in Scotland on 1 May 1590. During their sojourn in Denmark (from 1589 to 1590), the pair engaged in various intellectual and politically significant activities, including visiting Tycho Brahe’s observatory and celebrating the marriage of Anne’s sister Elizabeth to Heinrich Julius, Duke of Branuscweig-Wolfenbüttel and a prominent servant of Emperor Rudolf II. The marriage of Anne and James was not the failure that some have alleged. Some scholars have regarded James, with his penchant for male favourites, as driven by homoerotic desires.See, for example, Bergeron, Goldberg, Goldberg, Lewalski, and Stone, esp. 89. The manner in which James’ alleged sexual preferences intersect with the political history of the period and notions of masculinity, effeminacy, and deviance have been addressed by Young and Shephard. This perspective has led some of those scholars, such as Lewalski, to postulate that James’ sexual preferences resulted in Anne’s marginalization in both public and private as her husband lavished favour and accorded influence to a series of male favourites (Lewalski 4). J.W. Williamson alleged that Anne was little more than the indignant and frequently hysterical victim of the King’s anti-female policy (Williamson 15). James certainly preferred the company of his male friends and may well have engaged in sexual liaisons with some of them (although this did not prevent him from fathering children with Anne and being rumoured to have kept Lady Anne Murray as a mistress between 1593-1595) (Rhodes, Richards, and Marshall 129-131). However, the relationship between Anne and James was certainly successful in terms of the production of heirs and was not necessarily an emotionally unsatisfying one either. Their correspondence suggests a certain intimacy and companionate bond; James also involved Anne in his relationships with his male companions by asking for her approval before any of them were elevated to positions of influence within his service (Cuddy 195).For examples of the couple’s letters, see edited collections by Akrigg and Walker and MacDonald.
Anne was involved in the factional politics of the Scottish court, engaging in several attempts to undermine several political rivals. It was also at the Scottish court that she first displayed the enthusiasm for state theatre and court ritual that would come to be seen as the defining feature of her career as a queen consort. While in Scotland, Anne bore several children: Henry (b. 1594, d. 1612), Elizabeth (b. 1596, d. 1662), Margaret (b. 1598, d. 1600), Charles (b. 1600, d. 1649), and Robert (b. 1602, d. 1602). Later, in England, she bore two more: Mary (b. 1605, d. 1607) and Sophia (born and died in 1606). Only Henry, Elizabeth, and Charles survived infancy (Henry died in 1612, to Anne’s great devastation, while Charles succeeded his father, and Elizabeth married Frederick V, Elector Palatinate).On the elaborate celebrations of this union, see Nichols 536-553. While in Scotland, Anne likely converted to Catholicism and it is probable that James knew of it and allowed her to quietly practice her faith.
On 24 March 1603, the unmarried Elizabeth I died. In the absence of a direct heir, James was proclaimed king by virtue of his blood ties to the Tudor dynasty through his mother Mary Queen of Scots and his father Henry Darnley. Anne and James were crowned together on 25 July 1603 at Westminster Abbey. The ceremony had been postponed due to an outbreak of plague raging in London. When it did occur, the coronation lacked the customary brilliance because of the ravages of the plague.For a full account of the English coronation, see Nichols 228-234. See also Williams 84-85. Perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of the crowning of the new King and Queen was Anne’s refusal during the service to accept the Anglican communion offered to her by the Archbishop of Canterbury.John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, 1583-1604. The somewhat lacklustre spectacle of James and Anne’s joint coronation was countered the following year with the City of London’s staging of the official opening of Parliament accompanied by a grand civic pageant.See Bergeron.
Once in England, Anne continued her pursuit of cultural display. She developed an extensive art collection, patronized Inigo Jones, and had him design the Queen’s House at Greenwich and refurbish Oatlands Palace for her use. She befriended other prominent cultural patrons such as Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. She established herself at London’s Somerset House, which she renamed Denmark House, and immersed herself in a cosmopolitan lifestyle. Anne set the tone for court fashion, insisting, for example, that the wheel-shaped farthingale be worn at court long after it had gone out of fashion elsewhere (Reynolds 42).See also Fields. In Scotland she had appointed the Edinburgh jeweller George Heriot as her goldsmith for life. He followed her to England in 1603, establishing himself in a town house on the Strand. She was a great patron of artists, and it is estimated that there are more oil paintings of Anne of Denmark than of any previous English queen consort. Queen Anne was the first great royal patroness of art in England (Pugh 173). She was, likewise, a notable book collector.
Anne firmly established herself as a key source of cultural patronage through her high-profile involvement with court masques. Masquing was an underdeveloped theatrical form in England in 1603. Masques (disguisings) had been popular at the English court during the early years of the reign of Henry VIII, but had not evolved to the same degree as in other European courts. Influenced by Italian tastes, they were a complex artistic form, danced rather than acted, featuring lavish costumes and set designs, and incorporating mythological themes. Anne elevated the English masque to an equal footing with the glittering performances enacted on the Continent. Some masques, such as the
Masque of Blackness (Jonson) and Vision of the Twelve Goddesses (Daniel), drew criticism for their risqué costuming and stage direction. Dudley Carleton, for example, described the costuming used in the Masque of Blackness as too light and courtesan like (Carleton 55). Yet many of the productions won Anne great acclaim. Zorzi Guistinian, a Venetian ambassador at James’ court, described in a dispatch the splendour of the spectacle, which was worthy of her Majesty’s greatness. So well composed and ordered was it all that it is evident the mind of her Majesty, the authoress of the whole, is gifted no less highly than her person. She reaped universal applause (Giustinian 86). While some historians have looked at Anne’s masquing derisively as extravagant and vacuous, many contemporaries saw masques as an important facet of court display that showcased the sophistication of the English court to foreign observers and domestic notables.See Parry, The Politics of the Jacobean Masque and Parry, The Golden Age Restor’d: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603-1642. Masques also resulted in unique artistic pfroducts that harnessed the talents of individuals such as Jonson and Jones.
While many of the masques staged by Anne offered political commentaries, she was also directly involved with politics (although many earlier scholars mistakenly regarded her political influence as negligible). She intervened with her husband on behalf of many people including Sir Walter Raleigh and Lady Anne Clifford and was seen as a valuable ally.Examples of this can be found in the diaries of Anne Clifford (Clifford) as well as in letters from Raleigh to Anne (Lemon and Green).Anne likewise served on the Council of Regency established by James in 1617 to govern England while he visited Scotland. While James was away, courtiers flocked to Anne and the political centre of England shifted to Anne’s palace at Greenwich (Roper 51). She also expressed her political preferences in less overt ways, such as snubbing ambassadors and negotiating marriages for her children that reflected her allegiances. Anne was involved in factional politics. James was powerfully influenced by favourites and early in his English reign he became attached to Robert Carr, whom he made Earl of Somerset and entrusted with political responsibilities (including the post of Secretary in 1612) to which he was quite unsuited. Carr’s influence over James inspired a good deal of animosity, as favourites typically did in the period. Carr’s alignment with the Howard faction through a marriage to Frances Howard caused a scandal because she was married to the Earl of EssexI.e., Robert Devereux, third earl of Essex. when she began her liaison with Carr and dubiously accused her husband of impotency in order to secure an annulment, which James commanded the clerics to grant. When Carr began delegating his responsibilities to his more competent friend, Thomas Overbury, Anne was mobilized into action and became a vocal opponent. She felt that Carr and Overbury were overly proud, and she opposed the political aims of the Howard faction. She allied herself with other enemies of Carr and eventually replaced him with George Villiers and convinced James to commit Overbury to the Tower of London for his perceived insolence. As a later commentator noted (and the assertion is supported in other, more contemporary sources), Carr was not very acceptable to the Queen, and she became the head of a great Faction against him (Wilson sig. L4r).
Anne died on 2 March 1619 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. As a woman, Anne was denied access to the official channels of political power. However, like other queens consort, she wielded influence on an informal level. Using mechanisms such as the language of cultural display (an until recently undervalued aspect of her career as queen consort) and patronage, alongside more direct political involvement, she pursued her agenda and played an important role in the factional politics that were so prominent a part of the early modern court. She likewise played a key role in the artistic and cultural development of fashionable London society.