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Provider: University of Victoria
Database: The Map of Early Modern London
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TY - ELEC
A1 - Ainsworth, Sarah-Jayne
A1 - LeBere, Kate
ED - Jenstad, Janelle
T1 - St. Paul’s Churchyard
T2 - The Map of Early Modern London
ET - 7.0
PY - 2022
DA - 2022/05/05
CY - Victoria
PB - University of Victoria
LA - English
UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/STPA3.htm
UR - https://mapoflondon.uvic.ca/edition/7.0/xml/standalone/STPA3.xml
ER -
St. Paul’s Cathedral was—and remains—an important church in London. In
The Paul’s Cross outdoor preaching station is located in Paul’s Cross Churchyard on the northeast side of St. Paul’s Cathedral. During the early modern period, Paul’s Cross was a site of drama, since the interfaith conflicts of the time were addressed from the pulpit. These sermons were presented by prominent Reformation figures including
Cheapside Street, one of the most important streets in early modern London, ran east-west between the Great Conduit at the foot of Old Jewry to the Little Conduit by St. Paul’s churchyard. The terminus of all the northbound streets from the river, the broad expanse of Cheapside Street separated the northern wards from the southern wards. It was lined with buildings three, four, and even five stories tall, whose shopfronts were open to the light and set out with attractive displays of luxury commodities (Weinreb and Hibbert 148). Cheapside Street was the centre of London’s wealth, with many
Carter Lane ran east-west between Creed Lane in the west, past Paul’s Chain, to Old Change in the East. It ran parallel to St. Paul’s Churchyard in the north and Knightrider Street in the south. It lay within Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Ward Within. It is labelled as Carter lane
on the Agas map.
Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Ludgate was a gate built by the Romans (Carlin and Belcher 80). for his owne honor
(Stow 1:1).
Located on the banks of the Thames, Baynard’s Castle was built sometime
in the by
(Weinreb and Hibbert 129). The castle passed to
who by forfeyture for
fellonie, lost his Baronie of little Dunmow
(Stow 1:61). From the time it was built, Baynard’s Castle was the headquarters of London’s
army until the reign of
when it was handed over to the Dominican Friars,
the Blackfriars whose name is still commemorated along that part of the
waterfront
(Hibbert 10).
According to Harben, Ludgate Street ran east-west from St. Paul’s Churchyard to about Old Bailey, though, the actual street probably stretched further west to the point where Ludgate Street became Fleet Street (Harben). It is often used synonymously with Ludgate Hill but MoEML understands Ludgate Hill to have been, rather, the raised portion of the larger Ludgate Street. A section of Ludgate Street was also called Bowyer Row, [so called] of Bowiers dwelling there in old time
(Stow 1598, sig. T1v).
Henry Harben describes the general location of St. Paul’s Alley in noting that it is In Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Ward Within
(Harben 459). Also known simply as
Cannon Row, a humble street running alongside the Thames, was the home of prominent individuals in the early modern period. It was a commonly-used street, and appeared in texts from the period often as the home of some of those illustrious persons. The street began as the home of the Cannons for Saint Stephen’s church.
Watling Street ran east-west between St. Sythes Lane in Cordwainer Street Ward and Old Change in Bread Street Ward. It is visible on the Agas map under the label Watlinge ſtreat
.
Noble Street
(Stow 1598, sig. O4v). This should not lead to confusion with Noble Street in Aldersgate Ward. There is an etymological explanation for this crossover of names. According to Ekwall, the name Watling
ultimately derives from an Old English word meaning king’s son
(Ekwall 81-82). Watling Street remains distinct from the Noble Street in Aldersgate Ward.
Paul’s Chain was a street that ran north-south between St Paul’s Churchyard and Paul’s Wharf, crossing over Carter Lane, Knightrider Street, and Thames Street. It was in Castle Baynard Ward. On the Agas map, it is labelled Paules chayne
. The precinct wall around St. Paul’s Church had six gates, one of which was on the south side by Paul’s Chain. It was here that a chain used to be drawn across the carriage-way entrance in order to preserve silence during church services.
Finsbury Field is located in northen London outside the London Wall. Note that MoEML correctly locates Finsbury Field, which the label on the Agas map confuses with Mallow Field (Prockter 40). Located nearby is Finsbury Court. Finsbury Field is outside of the city wards within the borough of Islington (Mills 81).
St. Paul’s School was located on the eastern side of St. Paul’s Churchyard, west of the Old Change (Harben). It was founded by
Aldgate Street ran slightly south-west from Aldgate until it reached a pump, formerly a sweet well. At that point, the street forked into two streets. The northern branch, called Aldgate Street, ran west until it ran into Cornhill at Lime Street. At an earlier point in history, Cornhill seems to have extended east past Lime Street because the church of St. Andrew Undershaft was called St. Andrew upon Cornhill (Harben 10).
Wood Street ran north-south, connecting at its southernmost end with Cheapside Street and continuing northward to Little Wood Street, which led directly into Cripplegate. It crossed over Huggin Lane, Lad Lane, Maiden Lane (Wood Street), Love Lane, Addle Lane, and Silver Street, and ran parallel to Milk Street in the east and Gutter Lane in the west. Wood Street lay within Cripplegate Ward. It is labelled as Wood Streat
on the Agas map and is drawn in the correct position.
The Old Bailey ran along the outside of the London Wall near
Newgate (Stow 1598, sig. U8v). It is labelled on the Agas map as Olde baily
.
Enduring for over three centuries, longer than any other London friary, Greyfriars garnered support
from both England’s landed elite and common Londoners. Founded in
Cornhill was a significant thoroughfare and was part of the cityʼs main major east-west thoroughfare that divided the northern half of London from the southern half. The part of this thoroughfare named Cornhill extended from St. Andrew Undershaft to the three-way intersection of Threadneedle, Poultry, and Cornhill where the Royal Exchange was built. The name Cornhill
preserves a memory both of the cornmarket that took place in this street, and of the topography of the site upon
which the Roman city of Londinium was built.
Note: Cornhill and Cornhill Ward are nearly synonymous in terms of location and nomenclature - thus, it can be a challenge to tell one from the other. Topographical decisions have been made to the best of our knowledge and ability.
The city of London, not to be confused with the allegorical character (
Surrounding St. Paul’s Cathedral, St. Paul’s Churchyard has had a multi-faceted history in use and function, being the location of burial, crime, public gathering, and celebration. Before its destruction during the civil war, St. Paul’s Cross was located in the middle of the churchyard, providing a place for preaching and the delivery of Papal edicts (Thornbury).
The Julian calendar, in use in the British Empire until September 1752. This calendar is used for dates where the date of the beginning of the year is ambigious.
The Julian calendar with the calendar year regularized to beginning on 1 January.
The Julian calendar with the calendar year beginning on 25 March. This was the calendar used in the British Empire until September 1752.
The Gregorian calendar, used in the British Empire from September 1752. Sometimes
referred to as
The Anno Mundi (year of the world
) calendar is based on the supposed date of the
creation of the world, which is calculated from Biblical sources. At least two different
creation dates are in common use. See Anno Mundi (Wikipedia).
Regnal dates are given as the number of years into the reign of a particular monarch.
Our practice is to tag such dates with
Research Assistant, 2018-2021. Lucas Simpson was a student at the University of Victoria.
Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Chris Horne was an honours student in the Department of English at the University of Victoria. His primary research interests included American modernism, affect studies, cultural studies, and digital humanities.
Project Manager, 2020-2021. Assistant Project Manager, 2019-2020. Research Assistant, 2018-2020. Kate LeBere completed her BA (Hons.) in History and English at the University of Victoria in 2020. She published papers in
Programmer, 2018-present. Junior Programmer, 2015-2017. Research Assistant, 2014-2017. Joey Takeda was a graduate student at the University of British Columbia in the Department of English (Science and Technology research stream). He completed his BA honours in English (with a minor in Women’s Studies) at the University of Victoria in 2016. His primary research interests included diasporic and indigenous Canadian and American literature, critical theory, cultural studies, and the digital humanities.
Project Manager, 2015-2019. Katie Tanigawa was a doctoral candidate at the University of Victoria. Her dissertation focused on representations of poverty in Irish modernist literature. Her additional research interests included geospatial analyses of modernist texts and digital humanities approaches to teaching and analyzing literature.
Data Manager, 2015-2016. Research Assistant, 2013-2015. Tye completed his undergraduate honours degree in English at the University of Victoria in 2015.
Director of Pedagogy and Outreach, 2015–2020. Associate Project Director, 2015. Assistant Project Director, 2013-2014. MoEML Research Fellow, 2013. Kim McLean-Fiander comes to
Janelle Jenstad is Associate Professor of English at the University of Victoria, Director of
Programmer at the University of Victoria Humanities Computing and Media Centre (HCMC). Martin ported the MOL project from its original PHP incarnation to a pure eXist database implementation in the fall of 2011. Since then, he has been lead programmer on the project and has also been responsible for maintaining the project schemas. He was a co-applicant on MoEML’s 2012 SSHRC Insight Grant.
Briony Frost is an Education and Scholarship Lecturer in English at the University of Exeter. Her teaching and research fields include: Renaissance literature, especially drama; Elizabethan and Jacobean succession literature; witchcraft; publics; memory and forgetting; and soundscapes. Her M.A. Renaissance Literature class (Country, City and Court: Renaissance Literature, 1558-1618) will prepare encyclopedia entries on many of the sites (numbered 1-12) on The Queen’s Majesty’s Passage.
Student contributor enrolled in
Bishop of London
Playwright, poet, and author.
King of England
King of England
Queen of England and Ireland
Preacher in the Bible. Baptized
King of England and Ireland
King of England
Playwright and poet.
King of Scotland
Poet and playwright.
Chronicler. Member of the
Queen of England and Ireland
Bishop of London
Playwright.
Playwright, actor, pageant poet, translator, and writer. Possible member of the
Dramatic character in
King of England
Historian and author of
Bible translator and religious reformer.
Sheriff of London
Poet. Daughter of
Soldier and rebel. Son of
Goddess of justice in Greek mythology.
Sheriff of London
Personification of smelling. Appears as an allegorical character in mayoral shows.
Personification of tasting. Appears as an allegorical character in mayoral shows.
Personification of touching. Appears as an allegorical character in mayoral shows.
Personification of hearing. Appears as an allegorical character in mayoral shows.
Personification of seeing. Appears as an allegorical character in mayoral shows.
Sheriff of London
Inherited Baynard’s Castle from
Doctor of Divinity. Dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Founder of St. Paul’s School in
Greek philosopher. Founder of the first institution of higher learning in the western world.
Central figure of the Bible.
First Duke of Suffolk and Third Marquess of Dorset. Son of
Justice and administrator.
Courtier and soldier.
Apostle of
Preacher.
Printer and bookseller.
Printer and bookseller.
Bookseller.
Murdered in St. Paul’s Churchyard.
Constable of St. Martin’s sanctuary in
Put on trial for the murder of one
Murdered in St. Paul’s Churchyard.
Dramatic character in
Dramatic character in
The
The
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St. Paul’s Churchyard is the area surrounding the Cathedral of St. Paul.
According to Walter Thornbury, the precinct wall of St. Paul’s first ran from Ave
Maria Lane eastward along Paternoster Row to the old Exchange,
Cheapside, then southwards to
Carter Lane, at the end of which it turned to Ludgate Archway
(Thornbury). When he became bishop of St. Paul’s in
This
Mauricius deceased in the yeare. 1107 Richard Beamor succeeded him in the Bishopricke, who did wonderfully increase the said church, purchasing of his owne cost the large streetes and lanes about it, wherin were wont to dwel many lay people, which ground he began to compasse about, with a strong wall of stone, & gates.King H . the first gaue to the saidRichard , so much of the Mote (or wall) of the castle, on the Thames side to the South, as should be needfull to make the said wall of the church, & so much as should suffise to make a wal without the way on the north sideIt should seeme that this
Richard inclosed but two sides of the said church or Cemitory of S.Paule, to wit, the South and North side: forKing Edward the second , in thetenth of his raigne , granted that the said churchyard should be inclosed with a wall where it wanted, for the murthers and robberies that were there committed. But the cittizens then claimed the East part of the church yarde to be the place of assembly to their folkemotes, and that the great steeple there scituate was to that vse, their common bell, which being there rung, al the inhabitants of the citie might heare and come together. They also claimed the west side, that they might there assemble themselues together, with the Lord of Baynards Castle,for view of their armour in defence of the cittie. This matter was in the Tower of London referred to Robert Fitz Richard .Haruius de Stanton , and his fellow Iustices Itenerantes, but I finde not the decision or judgement of that controuersie.True it is, that
Edward the third , in theseuenteene of his raigne , gaue commandement for the finishing of that wall, which was then performed, and to this day it continueth; although now on both the sides (to wit, within and without) it be hidden with dwelling houses.Richard Beamer deceased in the yeare. and his successors in processe of time performed the worke begun. 1127
There were six access points into the enclosure: Ludgate Street; St. Paul’s Alley from
Paternoster Row; Canon Alley leading to the north door; the gate from
Cheapside Street; St. Augustine’s Gate into Watling Street; and the gate at
Paul’s Chain. Posterns were opened from dawn until night. Paul’s Chain is first mentioned in
Poules-cheyne
(Harben 461)
and was a chain or barrier which was put across the carriage way during the hours of public worship to stop people entering the churchyard whilst worship was in progress.
The new enclosure included the land where the mayor and citizens had once held court. They called this assembly the a stationer’s house and shop viz. the sign of the Rose
(Dugdale 131), reflecting the
tendency for booksellers and printers to move into the churchyard. In the east of the churchyard was St. Paul’s School, which was built in
The churchyard was a burial ground for the small parishes around the cathedral, and victims of the
In the middle of the churchyard stood St. Paul’s Cross, an open-air pulpit where public proclamations and Papal edicts were delivered, before
the Reformation.
It was destroyed in
spoke in the wall and whistled
in Aldgate Street
(Machyn 66). In
Despite fray, drawing of swords in the church or shooting with hand gun or dagg within the church or churchyard
(Thornbury),
on punishment of two months’ imprisonment. In
As a traditional gathering place, St. Paul’s Churchyard was used at times of celebration.
my lord mayre landyd at Banard Castyll and [in St. Paul’s] chyrche-yerd dyd hevere craft wher set in [array]: furst wher ij tallmen bayreng ij gret streamers [of] the
Marchand-tayllers armes, then cam one [with a] drume and a flutt playng, and a-nodur with a gret f[ife?] all they in blue sylke, and then cam ij grett wodyn [armed] with ij grett clubes all in grene, and with skwybes bornyngwith gret berds and syd here, and ij targets a-pon ther bake and then cam xvj trumpeters blohyng, and then cam in [blue] gownes, and capes and hosse and blue sylke slevys, and evere man havyng a target and a gayffelyn to the nombur of lxx and then cam a duyllyll, and after cam the bachelars all in a leveray, and skarlett hods; and then cam the pagant of sant John Baptyst gorgyusly, with goodly speches; and then cam all the kynges trumpeters blowhyng, and evere trumpeter havyng skarlet capes, and the wetes capes and godly banars.
Similar processions took place on
In
Queen’s accession signified the return of the golden age, though rooted in the ancient praises accorded entering monarchs, is also the first hint of a body of imagery that would, in the later years of the Queen’s long reign, be deployed to associate her with the goddess(Warkentin 73).Astrea
(Vos igitur Angli tot commoda accepturi Elizabetham Reginam nostram celeberriman ab ipso Christo huibus regni imperio destinatam, honore debito prosequimini
was of the people receiued merueylous entierly, as appeared by thassemblie, prayers, wisshes, welcomminges, cryes, tender woordes, and all other signes, whiche argue a wonderfull earnest loue of most obedient subiectes towarde theyr soueraygne(
what that pageant was ere that she came to itat Cornhill,
because shee feared for the peoples noyse, that she should not here the child which did expounde the same(
Against a soundscape composed of pre-industrial noises, the sounds from other elements of the passage would have been audible to the people congregated in the churchyard
that day. At The Standard in Cheap was placed a noyse of Trumpettes
, and at the door to
St. Peter, Westcheap stode the waites of the citie, which did geue a pleasant noyse with theyr instrumentes as the Quenes maiestie did
passe by
(receiued with a noyse of instruments
, and
again, this was likely to have been audible to the people congregated in the churchyard or by those following the pageant towards it. The description of a noyse
of instruments
suggests that louder instruments such as sackbuts and cornetts were chosen, because they were more likely to be heard at distance and above ambient noise.
For [b]oys of St.
Paul’s school
(Edwards 127). In sang diverse staves in gratifying the Queen
[t]hrough the windows of which he might behold the Cathedral Temple of
Saint Paule: upon whose lower batelments an Anthem was sung, by the Quiristers of the church to the music of loud instruments
(Dekker H1r).
the second Land-Triumphin the churchyard (
ſtand ready the fiue Ilands, thoſe dumb Glories that I ſpake of before vpon the water; vpon the heighth of theſe fiue Ilands ſit fiue perſons repreſenting the fiue Sences,(Middleton B4r).Viſus ,Auditus ,Tactus ,Guſtus ,Olfactus (or)Seeing ,Hearing ,Touching ,Taſting ,Smelling ; at their feet their proper Emblemes, Aquila, Ceruus, Araneus, Simia, Canis, an Eagle, a Hart, a Spider, an Ape, a Dogge
Our next deuice, before it be marſhalled in due ranke and order, is a goodly Bower, ſhaped in forme of a flowrie Arbour, and adorned with all the Scutchions of Armes of ſo many worthy men, as haue beene Lord Maiors of the
Fiſhmongers Company , and each mans name truely ſet downe on them. It is appointed firſt to ſtand in Paules Church-yard: And at ſuch a place as is thoght moſt conuenient. In this Bower is a faire Tombe, where on, in Armour lyeth the imaginary body ofSir William Walworth , ſometime twiſe Lord Maior of London, and a famous Brother of theFiſhmongers Company . The reaſon of this conceit, aimeth at that tempeſtuous and troubleſome time ofKing Richard the Second , and the, whoſe life, Crowne and Dignitie (next vn- der Gods omnipotent power) were manfully defen- ded and preſerued, by that worthy man fourth yeare of his Raigne Walworth .
References are made to St. Paul’s Churchyard in various plays and poems, such as
D. Now .Nay ſtay good Iohn , thou knowſt my dwellingIohn ?Iohn .In Powles Church-yard Sir.
The churchyard is also mentioned in
Cymbal . True Paul’s bred, I’the Churchyard.P. Junior . [Indicating Tom]. And this at the West Door, O’th’other side.
To all the bookbinders by Paul’s, because I like their art, They every week shall money have when they from books depart
Book publishing and selling was a feature of the churchyard from the