Surrounding St. Paul’s Cathedral, St. Paul’s Churchyard has had a multi-faceted history in use and function, being the location of burial, crime, public gathering, and celebration. Before its destruction during the civil war, St. Paul’s Cross was located in the middle of the churchyard, providing a place for preaching and the delivery of Papal edicts (Thornbury).

The largest and wealthiest friary in England, Blackfriars was not only a religious institution but also a cultural, intellectual, and political centre of London. The friary housed London’s Dominican friars (known in England as the Black friars) after their move from the smaller Blackfriars precincts in Holborn. The Dominicans’ aquisition of the site, overseen by Robert Kilwardby, began in 1275. Once completed, the precinct was second in size only to St. Paul’s Churchyard, spanning eight acres from the Fleet to St. Andrew’s Hill and from Ludgate to the Thames. Blackfriars remained a political and social hub, hosting councils and even parlimentary proceedings, until its surrender in 1538 pursuant to Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries (Holder 27–56).

The history of the two Blackfriars theatres is long and fraught with legal and political struggles. The story begins in 1276, when King Edward I gave to the Dominican order five acres of land.

Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Ludgate was a gate built by the Romans (Carlin and Belcher 80). Stow asserts that Ludgate was constructed by King Lud who named the gate after himself for his owne honor (Stow 1:1).

The Bear Garden was never a garden, but rather a polygonal bearbaiting arena whose exact locations across time are not known (Mackinder and Blatherwick 18). Labelled on the Agas map as The Bearebayting, the Bear Garden would have been one of several permanent structures—wooden arenas, dog kennels, bear pens—dedicated to the popular spectacle of bearbaiting in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The Globe was the open-air, public theatre in which William Shakespeare was a shareholder. It was one of the theatres at which the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, later the King’s Men, regularly performed. Most of Shakespeare’s plays were performed at the Globe, along with the works of many other playwrights. It was an open-air, polygonal theatre with standing room around a thrust stage and three levels of gallery seating. It was built in 1599, burnt down in 1613, rebuilt in 1614 and closed in 1642. A modern reconstruction now stands a short distance from the site of the original in Bankside.

As the only bridge in London crossing the Thames until 1729, London Bridge was a focal point of the city. After its conversion from wood to stone, completed in 1209, the bridge housed a variety of structures, including a chapel and a growing number of shops. The bridge was famous for the cityʼs grisly practice of displaying traitorsʼ heads on poles above its gatehouses. Despite burning down multiple times, London Bridge was one of the few structures not entirely destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The city of London, not to be confused with the allegorical character (London).

St. Christopher le Stocks was originally built on Threadneedle Street on the banks of Walbrook before 1225, and was dedicated to the patron saint of watermen (Weinreb and Hibbert 751). The church has been known by many names, which include St. Christopher upon Cornhull, St. Christopher in Bradestrete, and St. Christopher near le Shambles (Harben; BHO). Since the fourteenth century, the church has been known as some variant of St. Christopher le Stocks, which derives from its proximity to the Stocks Market. The church is not labelled, but is identifiable, on the Agas map.

Holy Trinity Priory, located west of Aldgate and north of Leadenhall Street, was an Augustinian Priory. Stow notes that Queen Matilda established the Priory in 1108 in the parishes of Saint Marie Magdalen, S. Michael, S. Katherine, and the blessed Trinitie, which now was made but one Parish of the holy Trinitie (Stow). Before Matilda united these parishes under the name Holy Trinity Priory, they were collectively known as the Holy Cross or Holy Roode parish (Stow; Harben).

One of the smallest London friaries, Crossed Friars (also known as Crouched Friars or Crutched Friars) housed the Bretheren of the Holy Cross. Despite John Stow’s assertion that the friary was founded in 1298 (Stow 1:147), it is first mentioned by Henry III in 1269, which suggests that Raph Hosiar and William Sabernes gave their founding bequest some time in that decade. Over the next three (or possibly four) centuries, the friars added a dozen more tenaments to the precinct. By the early fourteenth century, the friary occupied over two acres of land south of Hart Street (later dubbed Crutched Friars) that ran along the west side of Woodroffe Lane to Tower Hill. Compared to friaries such as Blackfriars and Greyfriars, Crossed Friars was humble, and the friars’ plan to expand their church was interrupted in 1538 by the Dissolution of the Monasteries (Holder 142–159).

The hall of the Mercers’ Company was located on the north side of Cheapside Street by the Great Conduit.

St. Botolph without Bishopsgate stood on the west side of Bishopsgate Street north of Bishopsgate. It was in Bishopsgate Ward. St. Botolph without Bishopsgate is featured on the Agas map, south of Bethlehem Hospital and west of Houndsditch Street. It is labelled S. Buttolphes.

Fenchurch Street (often called Fennieabout) ran east-west from the pump on Aldgate High Street to Gracechurch Street in Langbourne Ward, crossing Mark Lane, Mincing Lane, and Rodd Lane along the way. Fenchurch Street was home to several famous landmarks, including the King’s Head Tavern, where the then-Princess Elizabeth is said to have partaken in pork and peas after her sister, Mary I, released her from the Tower of London in May of 1554 (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 288). Fenchurch Street was on the royal processional route through the city, toured by monarchs on the day before their coronations.

The Green Gate was a house on the south side of Leadenhall Street, east of Leadenhall in Lime Street Ward. Stow’s interest went beyond the building itself and its location; he was confounded by the misdemeanours that occurred within it. The Green Gate was the site of not one but two robberies.

Austin Friars was a church on the west side of Broad Street in Broad Street Ward. It was formerly part of the Priory of Augustine Friars, established in 1253. At the dissolution of the monastery in 1539, the West end [of the church] thereof inclosed from the steeple, and Quier, was in the yeare 1550. graunted to the Dutch Nation in London [by Edward VI], to be their preaching place (Stow). The Quier and side Isles to the Quier adioyning, he reserued to housholde vses, as for stowage of corne, coale, and other things (Stow). The church, completely rebuilt in the nineteenth century and then again mid-way through the twentieth century, still belongs to Dutch Protestants to this day.

St. Helen’s was a priory of Benedictine nuns located in Bishopsgate Ward between St. Mary Axe Street and Bishopsgate Street. St. Helen’s is visible on the Agas map with the label S. Elen written in the churchyard. Stow and Harben inform us that the priory was set up in 1212 by William Basing, the dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Stow; Harben).

St. Anthony’s Hospital was associated with the Parish of St. Benet (Fink) and was on the opposite side of Threadneedle Street from the church of the parish, St. Benet Fink. According to Stow, Henry III granted the construction of a synagogue in this space. The building was constructed for that purpose in 1231, but, as Stow writes, the christians obtayned of the king that it should be dedicated to our blessed Lady, and since an Hospital being there builded, was called S. Anthonies in London (Stow 1598, sig. K8v). The hospital consisted of a church, almsnouse, and school.

St. Paul’s Cathedral was—and remains—an important church in London. In 962, while London was occupied by the Danes, St. Paul’s monastery was burnt and raised anew. The church survived the Norman conquest of 1066, but in 1087 it was burnt again. An ambitious Bishop named Maurice took the opportunity to build a new St. Paul’s, even petitioning the king to offer a piece of land belonging to one of his castles (Times 115). The building Maurice initiated would become the cathedral of St. Paul’s which survived until the Great Fire of London.

The London Charterhouse refers to a series of buildings located at the north-east end of Charterhouse Lane to the west of Aldersgate Street near Smithfield. Throughout the early modern period, the Charterhouse served many functions: prior to the Reformation, it was a Carthusian monastery; however, after the execution of Prior Houghton and other Carthusian martyrs in the mid-sixteenth century, the monastery was dissolved and the Charterhouse became a well known private residence and, later, the site of a hospital, school, and pensioners’ home. Today, the Charterhouse is used as a home for elderly pensioners, hosting about forty men.

Located on the banks of the Thames, Baynard’s Castle was built sometime in the late eleventh century by Baynard, a Norman who came over with William the Conqueror (Weinreb and Hibbert 129). The castle passed to Baynard’s heirs until one William Baynard, who by forfeyture for fellonie, lost his Baronie of little Dunmow (Stow 1:61). From the time it was built, Baynard’s Castle was the headquarters of London’s army until the reign of Edward I when it was handed over to the Dominican Friars, the Blackfriars whose name is still commemorated along that part of the waterfront (Hibbert 10).

Tower Hill was a large area of open ground north and west of the Tower of London. It is most famous as a place of execution; there was a permanent scaffold and gallows on the hill for the execution of such Traytors or Transgressors, as are deliuered out of the Tower, or otherwise to the Shiriffes of London (Stow).

Westminster Abbey was and continues to be a historically significant church. One of its many notable features is Poets’ Corner. Located in the south transept of the church, it is the final resting place of Geoffrey Chaucer, Ben Jonson, Francis Beaumont, and many other notable authors; in 1740, a monument for William Shakespeare was erected in Westminster Abbey (ShaLT). The church is located on the bottom-left corner of the Agas map.

St Augustine Papey was a church on the south side of the city wall and opposite the north end of St. Mary Axe Street. The church dated from the twelfth century and in 1442 a fraternity of brothers was installed (Harben). The church and brotherhood were suppressed during the Reformation and Stow tells us the church was pulled down and houses built on the site (Stow).

The church of All Hallows Barking is in Tower Street Ward on the southeast corner of Seething Lane and on the north side of Tower Street. Stow describes it as a fayre parish Church.

According to Walter George Bell, Hare House was a property in Ram Alley left by John Bowser and Humphrey Street in 1584 upon trust for 1,000 years, that every Sunday thirteen pennyworth of bread should be given to thirteen poor people of the parish after service in St. Dunstan’s church (Bell 296).

St. Peter upon Cornhill stood at the highest point of the city in the south east of Cornhill Ward. According to a tablet preserved within the church, St. Peter upon Cornhill was founded by King Lucius and was the first Christian church in London (Noorthouk 606). This information was questioned by Stow, who admitted that he knows not by what authority (Stow 1:194) the tablet was written.

For information about the Red Lion, a modern map marking the site where the it once stood, and a walking tour that will take you to the site, visit the () article on the Red Lion.

Draper’s Hall was a livery company hall on the north side of Throgmorton Street in Broad Street Ward. On the Agas map, Drapers’ Hall appears as a large house with three round towers, thus resembling the architecture of Hampton Court Palace and some of the college gates at Oxford and Cambridge Universities. Stow records that the hall was built by Sir Thomas Cromwell for his own use as a house. The Drapers bought the house from Henry VIII in 1543, the house having passed into the monarch’s possession after Cromwell’s execution in 1540.

Not to be confused with St. Katherine Church, St. Katherine Cree was an old parish church in Aldgate Ward located on the north side of Leadenhall Street between Aldgate and St. Mary Axe. Stow reports that the church was so old that one had to descend seven steps to enter it. He also adds that the church’s steeple and bell tower, built in 1504, were the most recent additions (Stow). St. Katherine Cree is also known by the names St. Katherine and the Blessed Trinity and St. Katherine Christ Church. The Church is drawn on the Agas map on the north side of Leadenhall Street, south of Holy Trinity Priory and east of the well in Aldgate Street. It has no label accompanying it.

St. Mary Spital was an Augustinian Priory and Hospital on the east side of Bishopsgate Street. The Priory dates from 1197. The old precinct of St. Mary Spital is visible on the Agas map. The church itself was demolished after the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539. By the time the Agas map was drawn, many of the priory buildings had been removed and the area appears sparse.

The first purpose-built playhouse in England, the Theatre, located in Shoreditch, was constructed in 1576 by actor James Burbage. While direct evidence of plays performed at the Theatre is rare, scholars have inferred that the playhouse was used by the Queen Elizabeth’s Men, Earl of Leicester’s Men, Earl of Warwick’s Men, Lord Strange’s Men, Admiral’s Men, Chamberlain’s Men, and Earl of Pembroke’s Men. In 1598, the Theatre was dismantled after a land dispute and was relocated to Bankside were it was erected as the Globe.

In 1577, the Curtain, a second purpose-built London playhouse arose in Shoreditch, just north of the City of London. The Curtain, a polygonal amphitheatre, became a major venue for theatrical and other entertainments until at least 1622 and perhaps as late as 1698. Most major playing companies, including the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the Queen’s Men, and Prince Charles’s Men, played there. It is the likely site for the premiere of Shakespeare’s plays and .

Gray’s Inn was one of the four Inns of Court.

The Wrestlers was a house in Bishopsgate Ward located on the north side of Camomile Street, near the Wall and Bishopsgate (Stow). The house predates the Wrestlers Court located on the opposite (south) side of Camomile Street.

London Stone was, literally, a stone that stood on the south side of what is now Cannon Street (formerly Candlewick Street). Probably Roman in origin, it is one of London’s oldest relics. On the Agas map, it is visible as a small rectangle between Saint Swithin’s Lane and Walbrook Street, just below the nd consonant cluster in the label Londonſton.

Fisher’s Folly was a large house on the east side of Bishopsgate Street, within the boundary of Bishopsgate Ward and a few houses away from the Dolphin Inn. Fisher’s Folly is not marked on the Agas map. By 1620, the house was occupied by the Earls of Devonshire and was renamed Devonshire House (Harben 196).

The Abbey of St. Mary Graces is a chapel built in around 1350 within the Holy Trinity Churchyard and later a large monastery controlled by the Cistercian order (Harben). The abbey was built within the aforementioned churchyard, east of Little Tower Hill and south of Hog Lane (East Smithfield).

St. Andrew Undershaft stands at the southeast corner of St. Mary Axe Street in Aldgate Ward.The church of St. Andrew Undershaft is the final resting place of John Stow.

One of the lesser known halls or private playhouses of Renaissance London, the Whitefriars, was home to two different boy playing companies, each of which operated under several different names. Whitefriars produced many famous boy actors, some of whom later went on to greater fame in adult companies. At the Whitefriars playhouse in 1607–1608, the Children of the King’s Revels catered to a homogenous audience with a particular taste for homoerotic puns and situations, which resulted in a small but significant body of plays that are markedly different from those written for the amphitheatres and even for other hall playhouses.

All Hallows, London Wall is a church built east of Bishopsgate, near or on the City Wall. The church is visible on the Agas map northwest of Broad Street and up against the south side of the City Wall. The label All Haloues in y Wall is west of the church. In his description of Broad Street Ward, Stow notes only the location of the church and the three distinguished people interred therein by 1601.

One of the most opulent sites in early modern London, Henry VII’s Chapel still stands in the eastern wing of Westminster Abbey. The structure was initially intended to monumentalize Henry VI, who was never actually canonized (Condon 60). The Henry VII Lady Chapel is the resting place of Henry VII himself and his wife, Elizabeth of York. Additionally, it houses the tombs of Anne of Cleves; Edward VI; Mary I; Elizabeth I; Mary, Queen of Scots; Anne of Denmark; James VI and I; and other key figures of the English Royalty (Weinreb 1007).

Cripplegate was one of the original gates in the city wall (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 221; Harben). It was the northern gate of a large fortress that occupied the northwestern corner of the Roman city.

Located in Farringdon Within Ward, Christ’s Hospital was a opened in 1552 as a home for London’s needy children. Inspired by the preaching of Dr. Nicholas Ridley, Edward VI decided to charter the hospital days before his death in 1553 (Manzione 33). Although it began as a hospital, Christ’s Hospital eventually became known for its respected school (Pearce 206).

Finch Lane (labelled Finke la. on the Agas map) was a small north-south lane that ran between Threadneedle Street and Cornhill. The north half of the lane was in Broadstreet Ward and the latter half was in Cornhill Ward. It is likely that the lane is named after Robert Finke and his family (son Robert Finke and relatives James and Rosamund).

Although its name evokes the pandemonium of the archetypal madhouse, Bethlehem (Bethlem, Bedlam) Hospital was not always an asylum. As Stow tells us, Saint Mary of Bethlehem began as a Priorie of Cannons with brethren and sisters, founded in 1247 by Simon Fitzmary, one of the Sheriffes of London (Stow 1:164). We know from Stow’s that the hospital, part of Bishopsgate ward (without), resided on the west side of Bishopsgate Street, just north of St. Botolph without Bishopsgate (Stow 1:165).

St. Katherine’s Hospital was a religious hospital founded in 1148. According to Stow, the hospital was founded by Queen Matilda. The hospital, the grounds of which contained a church, gardens, orchards, and residences, was at the southern end of St. Katherine’s Lane and north of the St. Katherine Steps, all of which is east of the Tower of London. Stow praised the choir of the hospital, noting how it was not much inferior to that of [St.] Paules [Cathedral] (Stow).

St. Thomas Hospital was a hospital and parish church dedicated to St. Thomas Becket (Stow 1598, sig. Y7v). Originally located in St. Mary Overies Priory Close, St. Thomas Hospital was relocated to the eastern side of Long Southwark near Thieves’ Lane in the thirteenth century (Walford). The early modern location of St. Thomas Hospital is depicted near the bottom of the Agas map, though it is not labelled. It is also depicted on Rocque and Pine’s 1746 map (), where it is labelled St. Thomas’s Hospital.

The church of St. Magnus the Martyr, believed to be founded some time in the eleventh century, was on the south side of Thames Street just north of London Bridge. According to Stow, in its churchyard haue béene buried many men of good worſhip, whoſe monumentes are now for the moſt part vtterly defaced, including John Michell, mayor of London in the first part of the fifteenth century (Stow 1598, sig. M4r). The church was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, and rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren (Wikipedia).

St. Olave, Old Jewry was a church located on the west side of Old Jewry in Coleman Street Ward close to its boundary with Cheap Ward (Harben). The 1520 map erroneously locates the church on the east side of Old Jewry (). It is labelled St Olave, Jewry on Carlin and Belcher’s 1270 map of London (Carlin and Belcher) and St Olave on the 1520 map ().

Not labelled on the Agas map, the Conduit upon Cornhill is thought to have been located in the middle of Cornhill Ward and opposite the north end of Change Alley and the eastern side of the Royal Exchange (Harben 167; BHO). Formerly a prison, it was built to bring fresh water from Tyburn to Cornhill.

Enduring for over three centuries, longer than any other London friary, Greyfriars garnered support from both England’s landed elite and common Londoners. Founded in 1225 on a tenament donated by London Mercer John Iwyn, Greyfriars housed London’s Franciscan Friars (known in England as the Grey Friars). The friary expanded from its original pittance of land on the west side of Stinking Lane to over four-and-a-half acres by 1354. With the patronage of Queens Margaret, Isabella, and Philippa throughout the fourteenth century, the Franciscans constructed a formidable church, London’s third largest after St. Paul’s and Westminster Abbey. After the friary’s closure in 1538 pursuant to the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the church became the centre of the newly established Christ Church parish, and the cloisters housed Christ’s Hospital (Holder 66–96).

Bassinghall Ward is west of Coleman Street Ward. The ward and its main street Basinghall Street are named after Basing Hall (Stow 1633, sig. 2C5r).

The King’s Wardrobe, built in the fourteenth century between St. Andrew’s Hill and Addle Hill near Blackfriars Precinct, was originally a repository for royal clothing, but later housed offices of the royal household and became a key seat of government (Sugden 557). Stow explains its significance: In this houſe of late yeares, is lodged Sir Iohn Forteſcue, knight, Maiſter of the Wardrobe, Chancellor and vnder Treaſurer of the Exchequer, and one of her Maieſties Priuy Councel. The ſecret letters & writings touching the eſtate of the realme, were wont to be introlled in the kings Wardrobe, and not in the Chauncery, as appeareth by the Records. Stow 1598, sig. U6r

A priory of Augustinian canons once encompassing St. Bartholomew the Great, St. Bartholomew the Less, and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. Dissolved by Henry VIII.

For information about St. Giles, Cripplegate, a modern map marking the site where the it once stood, and a walking tour that will take you to the site, visit the () article on St. Giles, Cripplegate.

The parish church of St. Michael, Cornhill is located on the southern side of Cornhill Ward between Birchin Lane and Gracechurch Street. St. Michael, Cornhill was the parish church of John Stow and his family and is the final resting place for Stow’s great-grandparents. Weinreb notes that, the church has a long musical tradition, and is famous for its excellent acoustics (Weinreb 799-800).

Billingsgate (Bylynges gate or Belins Gate), a water-gate and harbour located on the north side of the Thames between London Bridge and the Tower of London, was London’s principal dock in Shakespeare’s day. Its age and the origin of its name are uncertain. It was probably built ca. 1000 in response to the rebuilding of London Bridge in the tenth or eleventh century.

Farringdon Ward is the name of the larger, single ward predating both Farringdon Within Ward and Farringdon Without Ward. This ward was divided by Parliament in the 17 of Richard II, creating the separate wards of Farringdon Within and Farringdon Without.

St. Botolph’s Billingsgate Church was located on the southwest corner of the intersection of Botolph Lane and Thames Street in Billingsgate Ward. It is not labelled on the Agas map. It was one of the four London churches named after the seventh-century Anglo-Saxon monk, St. Botolph, who was the abbot of Iken, Suffolk. Over fifty churches in England were named after Botolph. According to Stow, the church of St. Botolph’s once contained many beautiful monuments, but, even by his time, the monuments were gone, destroyed, or defaced (Stow 1598, sig. M1v).

According to Stow, the Parish Church of St. Mildred (Poultry) was built in 1457 on the bank of the Walbrook stream (Stow). The church sat on the corner of Poultry and Walbrook Street. The church was destroyed in the Great Fire, then rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren, and finally demolished in 1872 (Sugden, Carlin and Belcher).

Located in Broad Street Ward and Cornhill Ward, the Royal Exchange was opened in 1570 to make business more convenient for merchants and tradesmen (Harben 512). The construction of the Royal Exchange was largely funded by Sir Thomas Gresham (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 718).

The church is visible on the Agas map along Fenchurch Street. Before the sixteenth century, St. Gabriel Fenchurch was known as St. Mary Fenchurch. After being burnt in the Fire, it was not rebuilt (Carlin and Belcher).

Lady Chapel (St. Paul’s) was at the east end of St. Paul’s Cathedral. It was built by Ralph Baldock, former dean of St. Paul’s Cathedral, and is also where Baldock was buried (Stow 1598, sig. 2D1v-2D2r). Other persons of note buried in the chapel include John Stokesley (Stow 1598, sig. T1r). Lady Chapel (St. Paul’s) is also where Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor were married in 1501 (Thornbury).

St. Saviour (Southwark) dates back at least to 1106. It was originally known by the name St. Mary Overies, with Overies referring to its being over the Thames, that is, on its southern bank. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the church was rededicated and renamed St. Saviour (Sugden 335). St. Saviour (Southwark) is visible on the Agas map along New Rents street in Southwark. It is marked with the label S. Mary Owber.

Smithfield was an open, grassy area located outside the Wall. Because of its location close to the city centre, Smithfield was used as a site for markets, tournaments, and public executions. From 1123 to 1855, the Bartholomew’s Fair took place at Smithfield (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 842).

According to Stow, Whitefriars Church was located on Fleetstreet (Stow 1:310). The church was occupied by the Whitefriars, a Carmelite order, until the closure of the monestaries in 1538.

Langbourn Ward is west of Aldgate Ward. According to Stow, the ward is named after a long borne of ſweete water which once broke out of the ground in Fenchurch Street, a street running through the middle of Langbourn Ward (Stow 1603). The long borne of ſweete water no longer existed at the time of Stow’s writing (Stow 1603).

The church of St. Olave, Hart Street is found on the south side of Hart Street and the northwest corner of Seething Lane in Tower Street Ward. It has been suggested that the church was founded and built before the Norman conquest of 1066 (Harben). Aside from mentioning the nobility buried in St. Olave’s, Stow is kind enough to describe the church as a proper parrish (Stow). Samuel Pepys is buried in this church.

John Rastell built London’s first purpose-built stage on property fronting on Old Street in Finsbury (Giles-Watson 172). Although the name of the stage/playhouse, if it had one, is now lost, we find traces of its existence in the legal record.

St. Peter le Poor was a parish church on the west side of Broad Street. It is visible on the Agas map south of Austin Friars, bearing the number 24. That it was sometime peraduenture a poore Parish gave it the name le Poor (Stow). Its name distinguished it from the other London churches dedicated to St. Peter. Stow mentions that at this present there be many fayre houses, possessed by rich marchants and other near the church, suggesting that the parish was no longer impoverished (Stow).

Blanch Appleton was a manor on Fenchurch Street next to St. Katherine Coleman in Aldgate Ward. It is marked on the Agas map as Blanch chapelton. Stow records that it was a market during the reign of Edward IV, but the market by Stow’s time was discontinued, and therefore forgotten, so as no-thing remaineth for memorie, but the name of Mart Lane (Stow 1598, sig. I1r). The site was claimed by the Mayor and Commonality of the City in 1637, and its name continued in the eighteenth century Blanch Appleton Court (Harben).

Founded in 1293 by Edmund, earl of Lancaster, the Abbey of St. Clare is also referred to in Stow’s as the Minories (Stow 1633, sig. M2v), a name derived from the toponym the Abbey of the Minoresses of St. Mary of the Order of St. Clare (Harben 416). It occupied five acres of land. After the Abbey was surrendered to Henry VIII by Dame Elizabeth Salvage, the abbess, the site was occupied by the Parish Church of Holy Trinity (Minories) until 1899 (Harben 151).

Shoe Lane, or Shoe Alley as it was sometimes called in the sixteenth century (Ekwall 110), was outside the city wall, in the ward of Faringdon Without. It ran north-south, parallel to the course of the Fleet River. Until 1869, it was the main route between Holborn (Oldborne, in Stow’s spelling) and Fleet Street (Smith 190). At its north end, on the west side, was the church of St. Andrew Holborn.

St. Mary Magdalen (Aldgate) is an old parish church absorbed by Holy Trinity Priory in 1108. According to Stow, the church was begun by Siredus (Stow). It is not to be confused with the chapel of St. Mary Magdalen in the Guildhall, St. Mary Magdalen (Milk Street) or St. Mary Magdalen (Old Fish Street).

Lime Street is a street that ran north-south from Leadenhall Street in the north to Fenchurch Street in the south. It was west of St. Andrew Undershaft and east of Leadenhall. It appears that the street was so named because people made or sold Lime there (Stow). This claim has some historical merit; in the 1150s one Ailnoth the limeburner lived in the area (Harben; BHO).

St. Leonard’s church—also known as The Actors’ church—is the burial place of many prominent early modern actors. The Burbages (James Burbage and his sons Richard Burbage and Cuthbert Burbage), Richard Cowley, William Sly, and many others are buried there ().

St. George (Botolph Lane) was a church on Botolph Lane in Billingsgate Ward. The church dates back at least to 1193 (Carlin and Belcher). It was destroyed in the Great Fire, then rebuilt by 1674, and finally demolished in 1904 (Harben).

Portsoken Ward is east of Tower Street Ward and Aldgate Ward and is located outside the Wall. This ward was once called Knighten Guild, so named because the land which it encompasses was originally given to thirteen knights or soldiers who were the first members of the Knighten Guild, an order of chivalry founded by Edgar the Peaceful for valuable knights in his service. As the notes, portsoken refers to the district outside a city or borough, over which its jurisdiction extends ( portsoken, 1). It follows that this ward, one of the twenty-six wards of London and located outside of the Wall, was later known as Portsoken Ward.

The Mermaid Tavern was a drinking and dining establishment located between lower Bread Street and Friday Street, with entrances to both. Its location corresponds to the place between these two streets on current day London’s Cannon Street (Glinert). John Stow records in his that Bread Street was a location of diuers faire Innes and that the area was wholely inhabited by rich Marchants (Stow 1598, sig. T5r). The Mermaid Tavern was not far from Old Fish Street and the Blackfriars Theatre (Chalfant).

The Swan was the second of the Bankside theatres. It was located at Paris Garden. It was in use from 1595 and possibly staged some of the plays of William Shakespeare (SHaLT).

Abchurch Lane runs north-south from Lombard Street to Candlewick Street. The Agas Map labels it Abchurche lane. It lies mainly in Candlewick Street Ward, but part of it serves as the boundary between Langbourne Ward and Candlewick Street Ward.

Lime Street Ward is west of Aldgate Ward. The ward is named after its principle street, Lime Street, which takes its name from the making or ſelling of Lime there, according to Stow (Stow 1603).

The Cockpit, also known as the Phoenix, was an indoor commercial playhouse planned and built by the theatre entrepreneur and actor Christopher Beeston. The title pages of plays performed at the Cockpit usually refer to its location in Drury Lane, but G. E. Bentley offers a more precise description: Beeston’s property lay between Drury Lane and Great Wild Street, north-west of Princes’ Street in the parish of St Giles in the Fields (Bentley vi 49). Herbert Berry adds that the playhouse was three-eights of a mile west of the western boundary of the City of London at Temple Bar (Berry 624), and Frances Teague notes that it was on the east side of Drury Lane and that [t]he site was long preserved by the name of Cockpit Alley, afterwards Pitt Court (Teague 243).

In terms of the history of the site, Victor Belcher and Martha Carlin note that Bath Inn was built in 1414 and by 1423 it was inherited by Richard Hankeford who became Lord Fitzwaryn in the right of his wife (Carlin and Belcher 74). As such, the site was known as Fitzwaryn’s Inn. When the property came into the ownership of John Bourchier, who became the Earl of Bath in 1536, the location became known as Bath House or Bath Inn. When the Earl of Bath sold the property in 1621, the name of the house changed again to Brook House (Williams 525-7).

St. Botolph, Aldgate was a parish church near Aldgate at the junction of Aldgate Street and Houndsditch. It was located in Portsoken Ward on the north side of Aldgate Street. Stow notes that the Church hath beene lately new builded at the speciall charges of the Priors of the holy Trinitie before the Priory was dissolved in 1531 (Stow).

Arundel House (c. 1221-1682) was located on the Thames between Milford Lane and Strand Lane. It was to the east of Somerset House, to the south of St. Clement Danes, and adjacent to the Roman Baths at Strand Lane.

The church of St. Martin Orgar, named for Dean Orgar who gave the church to the canons, has been wrongly located by the maker of the Agas map. The church is drawn in Bridge Ward Within, south of Crooked Lane and west of New Fish Street on St. Michael’s Lane. However, the church was actually located one block northwest in Candlewick Street Ward, on the east side of St. Martin’s Lane just south of Candlewick Street.

St. Dionis Backchurch was located on the southwest side of Lime Street on the border between Langbourn Ward and Billingsgate Ward (Stow 1633, sig. V1r-V1v). The church is dedicated to the patron saint of France, St. Denys or Dionysius, which, as Harben notes, is the only church in the City with this dedication, and suggests the French influence which prevailed in England during the 11th and 12th centuries (Harben). The church was built in the reign of Henry VI and rebuilt following its destruction in the Great Fire (Harben).

Harben notes that the first known mention of the hospital, which is in the calendar of the patent rolls, stated that a license [was] granted to William de Elsyng to alienate in mortmain certain houses in the parishes of St. Alphege and St. Mary (Aldermanbury) to found a hospital for 100 blind people in honour of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Harben 217). The aforementioned William de Elsyng was the hospital’s warden from 1330–1331, and the hospital derived its other commonly used name, Elsing Spital, from him (Harben 217).

Castle Baynard Ward is west of Queenhithe Ward and Bread Street Ward. The ward is named after Baynard’s Castle, one of its main ornaments.

The gaol at Newgate, a western gate in the Roman Wall of London, was constructed in the twelfth century specifically to detain fellons and trespassors awaiting trial by royal judges (Durston 470; O’Donnell 25; Stow 1598, sig. C8r). The gradual centralisation of the English criminal justice system meant that by the reign of Elizabeth I, Newgate had become London’s most populated gaol. In the early modern period, incarceration was rarely conceived of as a punishment in itself; rather, gaols like Newgate were more like holding cells, where inmates spent time until their trials or punishments were effected, or their debts were paid off.

The Chapel of Jesus was located under the choir in St. Paul’s Cathedral. It was founded in the thirty-seventh year of Henry VI’s reign for a fraternitie, and guild, to the honour of the most glorious name of Iesu Christ our Sauiour (Stow 1598, sig. S5v). The entrance of the chapel was decorated with an image of Jesus and of Margaret Beauchamp who was buried within (Stow 1633, sig. 2I5r). Other people of note buried in the chapel include William Lamb (Stow 1633, sig. 2I5r).

One of the Legal Quays, Smart’s Key was primarily involved in the trade of fish. Named after its original owner, a Master Smart, the key eventually came into the possession of London’s fraternity of cordwainers. It is perhaps most notorious for being the location of an alehouse that in 1585 was converted by a man named Wotton into a training ground for aspiring cut-purses and pickpockets. The key was an important landing place for merchant vessels throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Located directly to the west of St. Saviour (Southwark) on the southern bank of the Thames, Winchester House, also known as Winchester Palace, was the London residence for the Bishops of Winchester from the twelfth century until 1626 (Sugden 567). John Stow notes that Winchester House was originally built by William Giffard around the year 1107 on a plot of land belonging to the Prior of Bermondsey (Stow 1598, sig. Y7r). The palace is labelled on the Agas map, Hogenberg and Braun’s 1572 map (), and Visscher’s 1616 map ().

St. Nicholas Acon was located in Langbourn Ward, its parish extending into Candlewick Street Ward (Harben 437). While it was not depicted on the Agas map, Prockter and Taylor note that St. Nicholas Acon stood on the west side of St. Nicholas Lane towards the northern end (Prockter and Taylor 51). According to Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay, Acons is possibly derived from Haakon, the name of one of the benefactors (Weinreb, Hibbert, Keay, and Keay 802).

On the Agas map there are nine rectangular and square pike gardens, or artificial fishponds, located in the liberty of Southwark among the bear and bullbaiting arenas. These nine pike gardens, however, give only an approximate indication of the size, shape, and location of early modern London’s three major aquaculture operations—the Winchester House Pike Garden, the King’s (or Queen’s) Pike Garden, and the Great Pike Garden—each of which dates to the Middle Ages. These fishponds relied on two separate types of holding areas: the vivarium, or breeding pond, and the servatorium, or holding pond. To catch and sort fish, workers drained the shallow ponds through diversion conduits equipped with gates and sluices. Freshwater fish cultivated in estate gardens were considered a luxury dish well into the eighteenth century, especially the pike, an aggressive predator that was admired and feared in Izaak Walton’s 1653 angler guidebook.

According to Stow, St. Olave (Silver Street) was a church on the corner of Silver Street and Noble Street at the western edge of Aldersgate Ward. Stow writes that the church was a small thing, and without any note-worthie monuments (Stow 1598, sig. K3v). It was destroyed in the Great Fire and was not rebuilt (Carlin and Belcher 91).

Birchin Lane was a short street running north-south between Cornhill Street and Lombard Street. The north end of Birchin Lane lay in Cornhill Ward, and the south end in Langbourne Ward.

St. George Southwark was located adjacent to Suffolk House, just south of the area depicted on the Agas map (Stow 1598, sig. Y8r). While there is no mention of the church in the 1086 Domesday Book, Stow notes that St. George Southwark was gifted to the Bermondsey Abbey by Thomas Arden and his son in 1122 (Stow 1598, sig. Y8v). As a result, St. George Southwark was probably constructed at the beginning of the twelfth century (Darlington).

According to Stow, Bermondsey Abbey dates back to the eleventh century. It was surrendered to Henry VIII in 1539 and subsequently demolished to be replaced with houses (Stow 1598, sig. Z4v).

The Little Conduit (Cheapside), also known as the Pissing Conduit, stood at the western end of Cheapside Street outside the north corner of Paul’s Churchyard. On the Agas map, one can see two water cans on the ground just to the right of the conduit.

Bishopsgate Ward shares its western boundary with the eastern boundaries of Shoreditch and Broad Street Ward and, thus, encompasses area both inside and outside the Wall. The ward and its main street, Bishopsgate Street, are named after Bishopsgate.

Cheap Ward is west of Bassinghall Ward and Coleman Street Ward. Both the ward and its main street, Cheapside, are named after West Cheap (the market).

All Hallows the Great was a church located on the south side of Thames Street and on the east side of Church Lane. Stow describes it as a faire Church with a large cloyster, but remarks that it has been foulely defaced and ruinated (Stow 1:235).

According to Stow, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital was located on the west side of Smithfield in Farringdon Without Ward. Originally a religious hospital, it was founded by its first prior, Rahere, in 1102 (Stow 1598, sig. X1r). It was dissolved under Henry VIII and reendowed and granted to the City of London in 1544 as a part of the civic hospital system.

Lady Chapel (Christ Church) was a chapel in Christ Church located by the organs (Kingsford). Those of note buried within the chapel include Sir John de Gisors (Thornbury).

St. John’s of Jerusalem provided housing and care for pilgrims and crusading knights. It was held by the Knights Hospitallers and dissolved in the reign of Henry VIII (Stow 1598, sig. 2D7r).

Soper Lane was located in the Cordwainers Street Ward just west of Walbrook Street and south of Cheapside Street. Soper Lane was home to many of the soap makers and shoemakers of the city (Stow 1:251). Soper Lane was on the processional route for the lord mayor’s shows.

The Tower Ditch, or Tower Moat, was part of the Tower of London’s medieval defences. It was built by the Bishop of Ely William de Longchamp while Richard I was crusading in the Holy Land (1187-1192) (Harben). The ditch was used as a dumping ground for plague victim corpses, human waste from the Tower, and meat carcasses from East Smithfield market.

Coldharbour was a mansion dating back to at least the reign of Edward II (Harben). It is not marked on the Agas map, but its location can be discerned from the position of All Hallows the Less. After 1543, the eastern portion of the house was leased to the Watermen’s Company (Harben). It ceased to function as a private residence in 1593 and became a tenement house (Harben). Nevertheless, it remained a distinctive site and is mentioned in dramatic works well into the seventeenth century (Sugden). It was destroyed in the Fire, after which a brewery was built on the site (Harben).

A church used by both Middle and Inner Temples.

Ram Alley, now known as Hare Place, was a small alley that ran north-south off of Fleet Street, opposite Fetter Lane. Once a conventual sanctury, Ram Alley developed into a chartered abode of libertinism and roguery (Beresford 46).

Montfichet’s Tower was a fortress on Ludgate Hill in London.

Cheapside Street, one of the most important streets in early modern London, ran east-west between the Great Conduit at the foot of Old Jewry to the Little Conduit by St. Paul’s churchyard. The terminus of all the northbound streets from the river, the broad expanse of Cheapside Street separated the northern wards from the southern wards. It was lined with buildings three, four, and even five stories tall, whose shopfronts were open to the light and set out with attractive displays of luxury commodities (Weinreb and Hibbert 148). Cheapside Street was the centre of London’s wealth, with many mercers’ and goldsmiths’ shops located there. It was also the most sacred stretch of the processional route, being traced both by the linear east-west route of a royal entry and by the circular route of the annual mayoral procession.

Fleet Street runs east-west from Temple Bar to Fleet Hill or Ludgate Hill, and is named for the Fleet River. The road has existed since at least the twelfth century (Sugden 195) and known since the fourteenth century as Fleet Street (Beresford 26). It was the location of numerous taverns including the Mitre and the Star and the Ram.

St. Paul’s School was located on the eastern side of St. Paul’s Churchyard, west of the Old Change (Harben). It was founded by John Colet in 1512 and left to the Mercers’ Company (Stow 1633, sig. 2H4v; Harben).

Gracechurch Street ran north-south from Cornhill Street near Leadenhall Market to the bridge. At the southern end, it was called New Fish Street. North of Cornhill, Gracechurch continued as Bishopsgate Street, leading through Bishop’s Gate out of the walled city into the suburb of Shoreditch.

Queenhithe Ward is located east of Castle Baynard Ward and west of Vintry Ward bordering the north bank of the Thames. It is named after the Queenhithe water-gate (Stow 1633, sig. 2M1r).

Queenhithe is one of the oldest havens or harbours for ships along the Thames. Hyd is an Anglo-Saxon word meaning landing place. Queenhithe was known in the ninth century as Aetheredes hyd or the landing place of Aethelred. Aethelred was the son-in-law of Alfred the Great (the first king to unify England and have any real authority over London), an ealdorman (I.e., alderman) of the former kingdom of Mercia, and ruler of London (Sheppard 70).

Bread Street ran north-south from the Standard (Cheapside) to Knightrider Street, crossing Watling Street. It lay wholly in the ward of Bread Street, to which it gave its name.

According to Stow, St. Mary Magdalen was originally a large chapel dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, which was attached to St. Saviour (Southwark). St. Mary Magdalen was founded by Peter des Roches during the thirteenth century and later became a parish church (Stow 1598, sig. Y7v). During the Dissolution of the Monasteries, St. Mary Magdalen and St. Margaret were absorbed into the Parish of St. Saviour (Southwark). The location that previously held St. Mary Magdalen was incorporated into St. Saviour (Southwark), the new parish church.

St. Margaret (Southwark) was a church in Southwark. The church was absorbed into the Parish of St. Saviour (Southwark) during the Dissolution of the Monasteries (Howard and Godfrey). Stow also recalls this absorption (Stow 1598, sig. 2D6r). By Stow’s time, the site would hold the Southwark Counter (Stow 1598, sig. Y5v, Y7v). The church is not on the Agas map but would be just to the south of the map’s southernmost edge.

This large parish on the south bank of the Thames was part of the deanery of Southwark, in the diocese of Winchester and the province of Canterbury.

Middle Temple was one of the four Inns of Court

A prison for bishops, Lollard’s Tower was made up of two stone towers originally meant for bells at two corners on the west end of St. Paul’s.

The Chapel of St. John (Southwark) was located on the north side of St. Mary Magdalen (Southwark). According to John Stow, John Gower founded a chantry in the chapel and was later buried there (Stow 1633, sig. 2Q3v).

Suffolk House was located on the west side of Blackman Street near St. George Southwark and was just south of the area depicted on the Agas map (Walford). Stow claims that Suffolk House was built by the Duke of Suffolk, Charles Brandon, during the reign of Henry VIII (Stow 1633, sig. 2Q5v), while Ida Darlington asserts that a residence owned by the Brandon family, known as Southwark Place, existed at this location prior to Henry VIII’s reign (Darlington).

St. Bartholomew the Great was a church in Farringdon Without Ward on the south side of Long Lane, Smithfield. It was made a parish church at the Dissolution of the Monasteries and was declared a gift to the citizens of London for relieving of the Poore in 1546 (Stow 1633, sig. 2N5r). Under Mary I, the site and building were given to the Dominican order to be used as Blackfriars, St. Bartholomew’s before being restored under Elizabeth I.

St. Olave (Southwark) was a church dedicated to St. Olaf in Southwark on the bank of the Thames. It is marked on the Agas map with the label S. Tovolles.

Located between St. Olave (Southwark) and the Bridge House, St. Augustine Inn was the London residence for the Abbot of St. Augustine from the thirteenth century until the Dissolution of the Monasteries (Malden). St. Augustine Inn became the property of the St. Leger family and was divided into multiple tenements. Thereafter, the property came to be known as Sentlegar House or St. Legar House (Rendle 267). St. Augustine Inn is located within the boundaries of the Agas map, though it is not labelled.

Westminster Hall is the only surviving part of the original Palace of Westminster (Weinreb and Hibbert 1011) and is located on the west side of the Thames. It is located on the bottom left-hand corner of the Agas map, and is labelled as Weſtmynſter hall. Originally built as an extension to Edward the Confessor’s palace in 1097, the hall served as the setting for banquets through the reigns of many kings.

Postles Chapel (Christ Church) also known as chapel of the Apostles was a chapel in Christ Church located south of the choir (Nichols). Those of note buried within the chapel include Walter Blount and John Blount (Nichols).

Tyburn is best known as the location of the principal gallows where public executions were carried out from the late twelfth century until the eighteenth (Drouillard, Wikipedia). It was a village to the west of the city, near the present-day location of Marble Arch (beyond the boundary of the Agas Map). Its name derives from a stream, and its significance to Stow was primarily as one of the sources of piped water for the city; he describes how In the yeare 1401. this priſon houſe called the Tunne was made a Ceſterne for ſweete water conueyed by pipes of Leade frõ the towne of Tyborne, and was from thence forth called the conduite vpon Cornhill Stow 1598, sig. L3r.

Holmes College, also known as the Chapel of the Holy Ghost and the Chapel of St. Mary Magdalen, was located on the north side of St. Paul’s Cathedral (Stow 1598, sig. S5r, S8v). It was founded by Roger Holmes in 1400 and is also where Holmes was buried (Stow 1598, sig. S5r, S8v). Other persons of note buried in Holmes College include sheriff and mayor Adam de Bury (Stow 1598, sig. S8v). The chapel is labelled Holmes College on the 1520 map ().

St. Paul’s Charnel House was located on the north side of St. Paul’s Churchyard (Stow 1633, sig. 2H4v). It was founded in 1282 out of rents of shops built without the wall of the churchyard and pulled down in 1549 (Harben). A chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was built over the former site of the charnel house.

Described by Weinreb as redolent of squalor and vice (Weinreb 39), London’s Bankside district in Southwark was known for its taverns, brothels and playhouses in the early modern period. However, in approximately 50 BCE its strategic location on the south bank of the Thames enticed the Roman army to use it as a military base for its conquering of Britain. From Bankside, the Romans built a bridge to the north side of the river and established the ancient town of Londinium. The Bankside district is mentioned in a variety of early modern texts, mostly in reference to the bawdy reputation of its citizens. Today, London’s Bankside is known as an arts district and is considered essential to the culture of the city.

Holborn ran east-west from the junction of Hosier Lane, Cock Lane and Snow Hill to St. Giles High Street, and passed through Farringdon Without Ward and Westminster.

St. Giles in the Fields was a hospital and parish church. It is marked near the western edge of the Agas map with the label S. Gyles in the Fyeld. According to Stow, St. Giles in the Fields was founded as a leprosy house by Matilda of Scotland during the reign of Henry I. The hospital was eventually suppressed by Henry VIII (Stow 1598, sig. 2D6v).

Chancery Lane was built sometime around 1160 by the Knights Templar on land they owned. It ran north-south between Fleet Street at the south end to Holborn in the North, and was originally called New Street. The current name dates from the time of Ralph Neville, who was Bishop of Chichester and Lord Chancellor of England (Bebbington 78). The area around the street came into his possession when in 1227 Henry III gave him land for a palace in this lane: hence Bishop’s Court and Chichester Rents, small turnings out of Chancery Lane (Bebbington 78).

The Steelyard was the chief outpost of the Hanseatic League in the city of London. Located on the north side of the River Thames, slightly west of London Bridge, the Steelyard was home to many wealthy German merchants from the thirteenth century to the end of the sixteenth century. Although it was a powerful economic force in the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, by the time of Elizabeth’s reign, piracy and economic sanctions had rendered the once great Steelyard obsolete (Lloyd 344-345).

Lombard’s Place, also known as Lumbardi’s place in Botolph Lane or Great Lombard’s Place was possibly, according to Henry Harben, [A] place of residence or of meeting for the Lombard merchants in london at this time [1483-5], similar to the one in Clement’s Lane (Harben 358). Specifically, Lombard’s Place is associated with Gabriel de Urs and Peter Conteryn, both Venetian merchants in the late fifteenth century (Harben 358). The house was located just north of Thames Street, between Botolph’s Lane and Love Lane.

Moorgate was one of the major gates in the Wall of London (Sugden). It was situated in the northern part of the Wall, flanked by Cripplegate and Bishopsgate. Clearly labelled as More Gate on the Agas map, it stood near the intersection of London Wall street and Coleman Street (Sugden; Stow 1598, sig. C6v). It adjoined Bethlehem Hospital, and the road through it led into Finsbury Field (Rocque) and Mallow Field.

Merchant Taylors’ School was a grammar school founded by The Merchant Taylors’ Company in 1561. According to Stow, The Merchant Taylors’ Company bought the Manor of the Rose on Suffolk Lane to serve as the building for the school (Stow 1598, sig. N7r). This building was destroyed in the Fire, and a new building was constructed on the same site in 1674–1675.

A chapel located just north of All Hallows Barking. Stow states that the chapel was founded by Richard I and notes that some haue written that his heart was buried there vnder the high altar (Stow 130).

The dwelling house of Richard Smith, which he gave to the parish of All Hallows Barking for the poor in the event that his children died without issue.

Also known as the Kings house or Cornet stoure at Buckles bury, Edward III’s Cornet Stoure is described in the 1633 edition of Stow’s as being one ancient and strong Tower of stone the which Tower King Edward the third, in the eighteenth of his reign, by the name of the Kings house, called Cornet stoure in London (Stow 1633, sig. 2A6r). In terms of the function of the site, Stow notes that Edward III appointed the location to be his exchange and gave the same Tower to his College around 1358 (Stow 1633, sig. 2A6r).

Lyon Quay was located between Broken Wharf to the west and Brook’s Wharf to the east (Harben). Although not on the original list of Legal Quays drawn up in the sixteenth century, Lyon Quay did make the list after the port was reassessed following the Great Fire of 1666 (Forrow 9, 11). In 1668, the Quay’s dimensions were measured at thirty-six feet wide along the Thames and running north forty feet to Thames Street (Child).

Love Lane (Thames Street) was situated within Billingsgate Ward (or Belingsgate) (Hughson 91). Billingsgate Ward is two wards to the west of the Tower of London. The Agas map shows that the lane goes from north to south—up to St. Andrew Hubbard and down to Thames Street. It runs parallel to the streets St. Mary-at-Hill Street and Botolph Lane.

According to Stow, St. James Duke’s Place was built on the grounds of Duke’s Place, which was converted from the Holy Trinity Priory after the priory’s dissolution in 1531.

The 1633 edition of Stow recounts the reconstruction of a church upon the ruins of the priory alongside Duke’s Place. Approval for this reconstruction was granted by James I. The inscription indicates the church’s dedication to both James I and St. James, hence the name St. James Duke’s Place (Stow 1633, sig. O1v-O3r).

The buildings on the site were destroyed in the Great Fire and then rebuilt (Sugden 281). The church was active until 1874 (Sugden 281).

Aldgate was the easternmost gate into the walled city. The name Aldgate is thought to come from one of four sources: Æst geat meaning Eastern gate (Ekwall 36), Alegate from the Old English ealu meaning ale, Aelgate from the Saxon meaning public gate or open to all, or Aeldgate meaning old gate (Bebbington 20–21).

Henry A. Harben decribes the Mercers’ Chapel as being located on the north side of Cheapside, at the south-east end of Mercers’ Hall between Ironmonger Lane and Old Jewry (Harben 404). At one time part of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Acon, the location was obtained by the Mercers following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, allowing the company built their chapel near the site. The structure was destroyed in the Fire of 1666 and rebuilt on the same site thereafter.

Located in Bishopsgate Ward without the Wall, the Half Moon housed Robert Wood. His wife, Joane, left the yearly rents for the messuage and nearby Half Moon Alley to the Church of St. Botolph without Bishopsgate (Stow 1633, sig. Q1r-Q1v; Harben 285–286).

Aldgate Ward is located within the London Wall and east of Lime Street Ward. Both the ward and its main street, Aldgate Street, are named after Aldgate, the eastern gate into the walled city (Stow 1633, sig. N6v).

The Charnel House and Chapel of St. Edmund and Mary Magdalen was a mortuary chapel in Bishopsgate Ward on the east side of Bishopsgate Street. Prockter and Taylor suggest that the Charnel House and Chapel of St. Edmund and Mary Magdalen is the long, solitary building within the walled compound northwest of the Artillery Yard on the Agas map (Prockter and Taylor). References to this chapel are sparse in historical records, but we know from Stow that it was founded about the yeare 1391. by William Euesham Citizen and Peperer of London, who was there buried (Stow).

Named after its owner, Alexander Hay, Hayʼs Wharf was a granary and brewery located between Tooley Street and the Thames (Hayʼs Wharf).

According to Stow, on the East side of Coleman Street, almost at the North end thereof, is the Armourers Hall, which companie of Armourers were made a fraternitie or Guild of Saint George, with a Chantrie in the Chapple of saint Thomas in Paules Church, in the first of Henrie the sixt. Also on the same side, is kings Alley, and Loue lane, both containing many tenements. Both of these streets appear on the (). Ekwall notes that Kings Alley is Named from William Kyng, draper (1965).

Coleman Street Ward is west of Broad Street Ward. It is named after its main street, Coleman Street (Stow 1633, sig. 2B6r).

Walbrook Ward is west of Candlewick Street Ward. The ward is named after the Walbrook, a river that ran through the heart of London from north to south. The river was filled in and paved over so that it was hardly discernable by Stow’s time (Harben, Walbrook (The)).

Harben notes that St. Alphage was originally on the north side of the Wall near Cripplegate (Harben). However, the Parish of St. Alphage (London Wall) must have straddled the Wall, because both Stow and Harben note that parts of the Parish of St. Alphage (London Wall) on the south side of the Wall were given over for the construction of the Hospital of St. Mary within Cripplegate in 1329 (Stow 1598, sig. Q5v). After Henry VIII’s 1531 dissolution of the Hospital of St. Mary within Cripplegate, part of that hospital on the south side of the Wall was given to St. Alphage (Stow 1598, sig. Q5v). The church then moved there, presumably along Gayspur Lane, which according to Stow was the street of the Hospital of St. Mary. The church on the north side of the Wall was demolished, and the site became a carpenter’s yard (Stow 1598, sig. Q5v).

Gutter Lane ran north-south from Cheapside to Maiden Lane (Wood Street). It is to the west of Wood Street and to the east of Foster Lane, lying within the north-eastern most area of Farringdon Ward Within and serving as a boundary to Aldersgate ward. It is labelled as Goutter Lane on the Agas map.

Carey Lane ran east-west, connecting Gutter Lane in the east and Foster Lane in the west. It ran parallel between Maiden Lane (Wood Street) in the north and Cheapside Street in the south. The Agas Map labels it Kerie la.

Vintry Ward is west of Dowgate Ward. The ward is named after the Vintners’ Company and the Vintry, a part of the banks of the Riuer of Thames within Vintry Ward used by the merchants of Bordeaux for the transporting and selling of their wines (Stow 1603).

Ringed Hall has a varied chain of ownership. Carlin and Belcher state that the hall was granted to Rewley Abbey in 1282 by the 2nd Earl of Cornwall and was then let out to tenants (Carlin and Belcher 84). Harben notes that during Edward III’s reign it belonged to Benedict de Folesham, and in 1541 Henry VIII gave the hall to Morgan Philip, alias Wolfe (Harben 504). In today’s London, the hall would sit at the corner of Great St. Thomas Apostle and Queen St. (Harben 504).

Kerion Lane ran east-west from College Hill to St. James Garlickhithe and was located in Vintry Ward (Harben, Maiden Lane). It was also known as Maiden Lane (Harben, Maiden Lane).

Bread Street Ward is east of Castle Baynard Ward and Farringdon Within Ward. The ward takes its name from its main street, Bread Street, ſo called of bread in olde time there ſold (Stow 1603).

Farringdon Without Ward is west of Farringdon Within Ward and Aldersgate Ward and is located outside the Wall. This ward is called Without or Extra because the ward is located without Newgate and Ludgate and to differentiate it from Farringdon Within Ward. Farringdon Without Ward and its counterpart within the Wall are both named after William Faringdon, principle owner of Farringdon Ward, the greater ward that was separated into Farringdon Within Ward and Farringdon Without Ward in the 17 of Richard II.

Originally called Kentish Street, Kent Street began at the north end of Blackman Street and ran eastward from the church of St. George Southwark (Walford). Kent Street was a long and narrow road that connected Southwark to the County of Kent (Stow 1633, sig. 2Q2v). Edward Walford notes that Kent Street was part of the great way from Dover and the Continent to the metropolis until the early nineteenth century (Walford). Kent Street is now commonly referred to as Old Kent Road and is not to be confused with New Kent Road (Darlington). Kent Street is south of the area depicted on the Agas map.

The Parish of St. George (Southwark) was located just south of the area depicted on the Agas map. According to John Stow, the Parish of St. George (Southwark) was one of five parishes in Southwark alongside St. Saviour (Southwark), St. Thomas (Southwark), St. Olave (Southwark), and St. Mary Magdalen (Bermondsey), although modern accounts place the Parish of St. Mary Magdalen (Bermondsey) outside of the borough of Southwark (Boulton 9). In 1550, Edward VI granted the Corporation of London rights over all waifs and strays, treasure trove, deodand, goods of felons and fugitives and escheats and forfeitures in the borough of Southwark, which included the Parish of St. George (Southwark) (Malden).

The Parish of St. Mary (Newington) began approximately a mile south of London Bridge and is south of the area depicted on the Agas map (Stow 1598, sig. Y5r). St. Mary (Newington) was also referred to as Newington Butts, a name that is believed to originate from the ancient archery butts that were set up on the fields of the parish (Malden; Lysons). One of the notable sites in the Parish of St. Mary (Newington) was Newington Butts, which was among the earliest playhouses to exist during the golden age of Elizabethan theatre (Johnson 26). While Stow discusses the Parish of St. Mary (Newington) in his , it was technically a distant parish, which lay outside the Corporation of London’s jurisdiction (Boulton 12). As a result, the Parish of St. Mary (Newington) fell under the control of Surrey authorities (Boulton 9).

The Parish of St. Olave (Southwark) was located on the southern bank of the Thames and to the east of the Parish of St. Saviour (Southwark), running from London Bridge to Bermondsey (Boulton 9). According to John Stow, the Parish of St. Olave (Southwark) was one of five parishes in Southwark alongside St. Saviour (Southwark), St. Thomas Southwark, St. George (Southwark), and St. Mary Magdalen (Bermondsey), although modern accounts place the Parish of St. Mary Magdalen (Bermondsey) outside the borough of Southwark (Boulton 9). In 1550, Edward VI granted the Corporation of London rights over all waifs and strays, treasure trove, deodand, goods of felons and fugitives and escheats and forfeitures in the borough of Southwark, which included the Parish of St. Olave (Southwark) (Malden). Stow describes the Parish of St. Olave (Southwark) as an especially large parish that contained many impoverished individuals and aliens (Stow 1598, sig. Z2v).

Huggin Lane (Wood Street) ran east-west connecting Wood Street in the east to Gutter Lane in the west. It ran parallel between Cheapside in the south and Maiden Lane (Wood Street) in the north. It was in Cripplegate Ward. It is labelled as Hoggyn la on the Agas map.

Located on London Bridge, the Chapel of St. Thomas on the Bridge was a chapel dedicated to St. Thomas Becket that was founded by Peter of Colechurch sometime before 1205 (Page).

St. Mary (Colechurch), according to the 1520 map, was located at the intersection of Poultry and Old Jewry (). Stow locates the church a little further east on Poultry at the south end of Conyhope Lane, a reference, perhaps, to the chapel by the same name identified on the map (Stow 1633, sig. 2A6r; ). St. Mary (Colechurch) does not appear on the Agas map; thus, we have added this location on the authority of Stow and the 1520 map and the location coordinates on the authority of the map ().

Lambeth Hill ran north-south between Knightrider Street and Thames Street. Part of it lay in Queenhithe Ward and part in Castle Baynard Ward. The Blacksmiths’ Hall was located on the west side of this street, but the precise location is unknown.

Sugarloaf Alley ran north-south from Leadenhall Street to Fenchurch Street, on the west side of Bricklayers’ Hall. Stow indicates that it was called Sprinckle allie but had been renamed Sugarloaf Alley after a shop sign.

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Savoy Hospital was located along the Strand in Westminster. Henry VII founded the hospital in 1505 (Slack 229–30). Stow writes that the hospital was for the reliefe of one hundreth poore people (Stow 1598, sig. 2D7r). The hospital was suppressed by Edward VI and reendowed by Mary I. Savoy Hospital was finally dissolved in 1702, while its St. John the Baptist’s Chapel remains (Sugden 452).

Puddle Wharf was a water gate along the north bank of the Thames (Stow). Also known as Puddle Dock, it was located in Castle Baynard Ward, down from St. Andrew’s Hill. Puddle Wharf was built in 1294 to serve as the main quay for Blackfriars Monastery. (Weinreb and Hibbert 68, 229). In the early modern period, Puddle Wharf would have been the main landing place for playgoers on their way to the Blackfriars theatre via the river.

The Cardinal’s Hat was located south of the Thames and west of the London Bridge in the ward of Southwark. It was part of a row of twelve licensed brothels or stewhouses along Bankside that were permitted by King Henry VII to operate after temporary closure in 1506 (Stow 1598, sig. Y6v).

St. Anne’s Lane ran east-west from Foster Lane to St. Martin’s Lane (le Grand). It was named after the Church of St. Anne and St. Agnes and is also called Pope Lane by Stow, so called of one Pope that was owner therof (Stow 1598, sig. K2v, K4r). According to Sugden, St. Anne’s Lane might have included St. Anne’s Alley as well, forming one long lane between St. Martin’s and Noble St (Sugden). Because Harben and Stow treat these two places as distinct, we have followed their lead in our own gazetteer (Harben; Stow 1598, sig. K2v).

Sernes Tower was located in Cheap Ward on the north side of Bucklersbery (Harben). The tower changed hands several times. It was built in 1305 by William Servat to serve as his residence (Harben). Sometime between 1317 and 1318, the tower was granted for life to Isabella of France and was most likely owned by Philippa of Hainault by 1338 (Carlin and Belcher). In 1344, Edward III made the tower into the King’s Exchange for gold and silver and, finally, gave it as a gift to St. Stephen’s, Westminster Palace in the thirty second year of his reign (Carlin and Belcher; Harben; Stow 1633, sig. F6v). The tower was destroyed during Stow’s lifetime (Carlin and Belcher Servat’s Tower).

St. Mary (Newington) was a church dedicated to The Virgin Mary located on the west side of the Parish of St. Mary (Newington), just south of the area depicted on the Agas map (Noorthouck). Ida Darlington notes that the earliest mention of St. Mary (Newington) occurs in the or Book of Fees, which mentions that Roger de Susexx held the church of Niwetun of the gift of the Archbishop in 1212. While very little is known about St. Mary (Newington) prior to the thirteenth century, a comprehensive record of the church’s rectors exists from 1212 onwards (Darlington).

A suburban neighbourhood located just north of Moorfields and outside Londonʼs City Wall, Shoreditch was a focal point of early modern theatrical culture. Following a boom in Londonʼs population from 1550 to 1600, the neighbourhood became a prime target for development. The building of the Theatre in 1576 and the Curtain in the following year established Shoreditchʼs reputation as Londonʼs premier entertainment district, and the neigbourhood also featured a growing number of taverns, alehouses, and brothels. These latter establishments were often frequented by local players, of whom many prominent members were buried on the grounds of nearby St. Leonardʼs Church. Today, Shoreditch faces the potential revival of its early modern theatrical culture through the efforts of the Museum of London Archaeology and the Tower Hamlets Theatre Company.

Located on the former site of St. Mary Overies Priory Close, Montague House was just north of St. Saviour (Southwark), on the southern bank of the Thames (Questier 1). In 1544/45, Montague House and the buildings surrounding it, which were collectively referred to as Montague Close, were formerly granted to Sir Anthony Browne (Howard and Godfrey). The property’s name originates from Sir Anthony Browne’s eldest son, Anthony, who was given the title Lord Montague during Mary I’s reign (Questier 1). The Browne family sold Montague House in 1625, however, the property remained a prominent fixture in Southwark until the nineteenth century, when it was demolished (Questier 1).

Pardon Churchyard was located on the north side of St. Paul’s Cathedral. Several of the structures in the churchyard were pulled down in 1549 and the grounds were used thereafter as a garden by the petty canons (Harben). Persons of note buried in Pardon Churchyard include Thomas More who, according to Stow, was either the first Builder, or a most especiall Benefactor of the churchyard (Stow 1633, sig. 2H3v).

Cannon Row, a humble street running alongside the Thames, was the home of prominent individuals in the early modern period. It was a commonly-used street, and appeared in texts from the period often as the home of some of those illustrious persons. The street began as the home of the Cannons for Saint Stephen’s church.

Horse Ferry, according to early accounts, was established specifically to carry clergymen from their residence at Lambeth Palace to Westminster Palace across the river.

The Molestrand Dock was a pier in Southwark located close to the Falcon Inn and was used primarily for passenger ferries. A row of tenement buildings stood near the dock.

East of the Spital Fields, also known as Stebanheath.

The Three Cups Inn was located in Bread Street Ward at the southwest intersection of Bread Street and Watling Street. The Inn provided food, drink, and shelter for employees, guests, carriers and their horses. It was a hub for public transportation and shipping into and out of the capital and was a home to the inn holder, servants, and their families. It provided employment and a community meeting place. It acted as a landmark in the city for at least four hundred years.

Now known as Churchyard Alley, Stephen’s Lane was most likely named for Stephen Lucas, stockfishmonger, who was a taxpayer in Bridge ward in 1332 and whose will was enrolled in 1349 (Ekwall 131). With regard to the toponomical history of the site, Eilert Ekwall notes that the former name, Chirchhaw Lane, stems from an old word for churchyard, found for instance in Chaucer (Ekwall 131). Stephen’s Lane ran north-to-south from Stockfishmonger Row, slightly to the east of the Fishmongers’ Hall.

Greenwich Palace was a popular royal residence among the Tudors, specifically during the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Built in 1447 for Humphrey of Lancaster, Greenwich was the first visible sign as the traveller came from the mouth of the Thames in the east towards London (Bold 38). The land was originally the site of an Abbey until 1414 when it reverted back to the crown. In 1426, it was passed to Humphrey of Lancaster, who built the early palace and enclosed the land as a park. The house passed to Henry VI, whose wife, Margaret of Anjou, renamed it the Palace of Placentia or pleasant place. The name Greenwich Palace dates from Elizabeth’s reign. This location was east of the area depicted on the Agas map.

The history of Hampton Court illustrates, in many ways, the history of England itself. Hampton Court was originally owned by Thomas Wolsey and later gifted to Henry VIII, remaining the property of the crown or state in a nearly unbroken line since the sixteenth century. As such, the palace is also the subject and site of many important early modern English artistic, literary and dramatic works. The palace was also a landmark for iconic historical moments such as the birth of Edward VI, the death of Jane Seymour, Elizabeth I’s reconciliation with Mary I, James I’s plan for the Authorized Bible, and Charles I’s escape from Parliamentary imprisonment. Hampton Court is not located inside the area depicted on the Agas map.

Maiden Lane (Wood Street) was shared between Cripplegate Ward, Aldersgate Ward, and Farringdon Within. It ran west from Wood Street, and originated as a trackway across the Covent Garden (Bebbington 210) to St. Martin’s Lane.

Staining Lane ran north-south, starting at Maiden Lane (Wood Street) in the south and turning into Oat Lane in the north. It is drawn correctly on the Agas map and is labelled as Stayning la. It served as a boundary between Cripplegate and Aldersgate wards.